Animal Testing Essay Example for Free

puppet Testing EssayIn this topic, I entrust show animal exam. Animal analyzeing is a image of our everyday life. Do you know that many of the growths around us and mapping everyday are still mental testinged on animals? However, many people recoil about using animals testing, and they argue animals baffle life right. People produce a young medicine or cosmetics. But the new product drives to be tested what will affect gays. If the new product wont be tested on animals, who will volunteer for new product testing? I think nonexistence wants to do it. Animal testing saves our lives. Animal testing is necessary for many reasons.A lot of animals are used for experimentation every year. For example white mice, dog, rabies, and monkey. Without them we dont know if a product is uninjured to use or not. Animal testing is important because it provides an excellent insight into the manifold interactions within a biological system that no existing alternative can provide. Humans and animals a give care share many of the same basic biological processes and interaction (Jason,1996). We need to understand animal testing it is helpful to be aware of different kinds of research conducted on animals and engage in testing.The story Animal Experimentation Is Ethical by Derbyshire, he agrees animal experimentation is necessary. He says the best hopes to treat or cure any number of diseases all desire on current animal experiments(Derbyshire, 2006 pg 11). Animal testing improves our condomty and increases our knowledge of nature and can therefore increase the possibilities for tender action, advancing the cause of human freedom. Also, his consensus has formed regarding the three Rs refinement, reduction, and replacement are defined. The three Rs is importance and advantages of alternatives to animal testing methods are mentioned. Successful promotion of animal research can yet begin when we withdraw support for the three Rs.On the other hand in the story A nimal Have Rights by Tom Regan, the author argues that non-human animals have the same rights as humans do because animal are similar rational and emotional beings. He contends that viewing animals as inferior constitutes specialism, a disadvantage similar to sexism and racism. Furthermore, he claims that treating animals equally fosters individual growth and helps society become more compassionate. Regan (1997) says using animals for testing is a wrong authority. It is wrong to treat weaker human beings, especially those who are lacking in normal human intelligence, as tools or renewable resources or models or commodities. It cannot be right, therefore, to treat other animals as if they were tools, models and the kindred (Regan,1997 pg 21).Animal testing is a part of everyday life. From the shampoos and conditioners that consumers buy to medicines that patients receive, many everyday products are tested on animals. Hampton (2010) says the new products testing is expiration be tween humans and animals. Companies test the new products on animal protect people safety people can buy the safe products and couldnt wound them. Companies test on animals to jibe their products are safe not just for profit (Hampton,2010).Animal testing has advanced human welfare and animal testing is necessary. Ranganatha (2012) selective information is given about the institutions researching alternatives to animal testing and resources available to assist in searching for alternatives are listed. Ethical considerations on the alternative methods are also discussed. It is cogitate that much greater effort should be put into overcoming the barriers to the acceptance of replacement alternatives which currently limit the contributions they have to make toward greater humanity and better biomedical science (Ranganatha, 2012).Animal testing can help save human lives. Some animal testing is done to promote a product or to understand the effects of those products. Anonymous (2012) w ithout animal testing first, nobody know whether it is safe for someone to take a new drug or use an improved anesthetic. Researchers may start to use the small flies, if the products havent happen wrong thing, then move up to mice or rabbits and then up to animals much like ourselves. The new products are safety they might test on human volunteers sieve it, and see the side result. The new products havent killed any animals or people yet, they will sell the new products to the market (Anonmous, 2012). PIR Partners Research (2008) Consumers demand and have a right to expect that the products they depend upon are safe if used properly. They also need reassurance that physicians can save victims in case of accident. Currently, the only way to guarantee these protections is through knowledge gained from animal testing( PIR Partners Research, 2008 pg 33). Animal testing is a good way to protect consumers able to use these new products to help them with their illness and even save some of their lives.Without animal testing we dont know if a product is safe to use or not . PIR Partners Research (2008) animal testing has helped people using safe products of the important ways. For example the company produce the baby sustenance and victims, before the use animal testing and the researcher to resolve the problem that might be caused by a drug or product. It is the first test step. The results were sometimes tragic. The researcher would make sure the products is safe. Many parent hope and have right to expect that the product that they believe on are safe if used properly. Today the only way to guarantee these protection is through knowledge gained from animal testing. ( PIR Partners Research, 2008). Animal experimentation is necessary to ensure product safety.The authorities requires that the new drugs be tested on animals before sale to market. On the other hand, the computer testing cannot substitute for animal testing . George Poste suggests (2006) although pre sent-day engine room cannot yet replace many types of animal research, the research community is committed to finding new ways to reduce and replace animal testing. This ethical dedication is embodied in strict animal welfare protocols at most university, government and industrial laboratories(Poste,2006). Today animal testing is only because of animal experimentation. If the new drugs are only test in a computer lad, who is first able to use them? Kyle(2007) lab animals are also used to help maneuver doctors and veterinarians to be able to practice doing operations before doing the operation on a person. All of these tests work because, according to the BBC website there are No differences between lab animal and humans that cant be factored into tests. (Kyle, 2007).Many of the people who oppose animal testing believe that replacement should be used in these test. If the new product wont be tested on animals, who will volunteer for new product testing. Naik (2011) if some of peo ple oppose animal testing, who would like to volunteer for new products testing. I think nobody wants to do it. The people who against it and say is unjust for animals, also they say animals are equal to people. If the company produces a new medicine or cosmetic. Researchers dont test on animal at the first, they look for some volunteers to test on the new products. I think nobody wants to test at the first. (Nail, 2011).Many people suggest new products test on Syrian hamster embryos(SHE). On the other hand, Partners Research (2008) computer data banks bequeath for the reduction of test duplication. They are also useful in the initial evaluation of chemicals slated for further study unsuitable chemicals can be eliminated from consideration former to the institution of animal testing. But computers can only process and store existing knowledge, much of which has come from animal studies. Animal testing is needed to balloon that knowledge base (Partners Research, 2008). Animal test ing cannot separate with new technology, too.People produce a new medicine or cosmetics. But the new product have to be test for what will affect for humans. Kyle (2007) says that animal testing is a well regulated method to improve the safety of products and to help crack life saving medicines, for which there are no alternatives. This is currently the only way to test many products and must continue to be used to ensure our safety (Kyle,2007). Researchers want to discover the products information. The information is collected and used to make assumptions about how the products will work on humans and how the products might affect humans.In conclusion, animal testing based on scientific result, it is given us a lot of safe products. The scientific community has been successful in cut down the number of animals used in safety testing, as well as in refining test methods to reduce any pain or disoblige these animals may experience. The new medicine or cosmetics are always tested o n animals first. The new products if safe might be tested on people, try it and see the result. Today, many companies use animal and lab computers to test new products. However, animal testing would find out more detail information and dont hurt people. Animal testing is safe for our live. This is currently the only way to test many products and must continue to be used to ensure our safety.

The Village Essay Example for Free

The Village EssayThe Village is a film about a village where the people quarter it in fear of creatures living in the woods beyond them. It is explained that the villagers have a truce with, as they call them, Those We Dont Speak Of, where the villagers do not enter their woods, and the creatures do not enter the Villagers. M. Night Shyamalan illustrates a small society in The Village, of people who are free and protected with the fear of violence, and an imperfect community. To ensure their village is innocent, the elders made sure their children and grandchildren would be protected from violence and greed. By assuring this, the elders made up the creatures and told stories and tales of those killed and harmed by them to make them fear leaving.According to them, the color red was forbidden because it would attract the creatures and bring them into their part of the woods. If anyone was to enter Covington Woods, which was alone granted by permission, they would have to wear yellow. The elders and villagers had to sacrifice knowledge of modern resources and medicine. An oath was made years ago in the village that soon was broken when few were told about the make believe creatures. legion(predicate) of the villagers were affected by the lack of medicine, which caused Noah Percy, who had a mental illness die and Ivy Walker to go into Covington Woods. The villagers believe the creatures will harm them if someone passes the boundaries, although the elders only believe they could be harmed by exposure to the modern world.

Sectors Involved in the Construction Industry

Sectors Involved in the Construction IndustryTask 1Identify and explain deuce types of atomic number 18as involved in our anatomical structure industry. Describe the relationship of size organization and proceeds of take in carried place. Give an spokesperson for the relevant situation in construction industry. Private sectorThe clannish sector is usually privately owned and non part of the politics organizations. These often include companies (including profit and non-profit), partnerships and charities. A simple way to imply ab turn out the private sector to consider this thing is not owned or operated by a government organization. For example, retail stores, credit unions, and local companies exit work in the private sector.Sources (The Difference Between the Private and man Sector 2014) Generally, the size of the organization for the private is smaller comp atomic number 18 to normal sector. The conclude is because the staff of the private sector is lesser, thusly the workability forget be not that effective compare to the public sector. Besides that, the capital of the private sector is lesser, therefore the private sector dont live whatever funding to hired the skill and experience of the staff to help. collectable to so many factor that I mention, the production of work carried out is lesser due to the size of the organization is smaller, capital is lesser, skillful and experience staff is lesser and etc.One of the example for the private sector in construction industry is build a hotel in Istanbul, which is Conrad International Hotel. Due to the organization of the private sector is small, therefore build the residential twist or commercial building is more suitable, because the area that the building will utilise is fixing and not that big. (Sources The Private Sector and Development v Case Studies 1998).Diagram 1 Conrad International Hotel (Sources Conrad International Hotel 1998) Public SectorThe public sector is usually own ed and operated by government agencies of. This includes federal, provincial, state or municipal governments, depending on where you live. Privacy legislation requires organizations in the public sector are usually public institutions or public institutions. Some examples of public institutions in Canada and the United Kingdom are groomingal institutions, healthcare institutions, public road, police and prison services, local and central government agencies and departments.Sources (The Difference Between the Private and Public Sector 2014)Normally, the size of the organization for the public sector is more bigger and more legend compare to the private sector. accordingly the production of work carried out by the public sector will be bigger and better due to the capital of the public sector is more. Therefore, they have abundant funding to hired the staff which is skillful and high experience of the work. Besides due to the size of the public sector is bigger, thus the staff will be more, therefore the workability of the public sector is better and more effectiveness compare with the private sector. Therefore the production of the public sector is better than private sector.While for the public sector, the example of the construction industry for the public sector is highway control, which is the Seven River and estuary between the England and Wales. For this kind of size of the project normally is develop by the public sector. Due to the public sector have more experience and skillful staff and the capital is more bigger that private sector. So for the civil engineer project like highway, railway normally is public sector construct. And the area of the highway project will be move to another area, which is means the areas that involved will be bigger, to the public sector to construct this kind of the project will be more suitable compare to private sectorSources (Case Studies of Transportation Public-Private Partnerships close to the world 2007)Diagram 2 Highway project in England and Wales (Source Seven river Bridge 2013)Task 2a) Identify at least two projects carried out to enhance economy of the inelegant. residential ProjectA Residential Project is a minimum of 5 days, 4 nights away from home on a shared activity with people youve never met before. It only has to be d sensation once, and fag be d mavin at any time while you are working towards any level of The Award. An example of residential project is terrace house, bungalow, apartment and condominiums.Sources (Residential Project Ideas 2015)One of the case study that for residential project, which is located at KLCC area which is just located just right opposite the KLCC park. The name of the building which is call Park Seven. Park seven is a luxurious high-end condominium. This building is built by the SDB (Selangor Dredging Berhad). The size of the room per unit is slightly 2,257 sq ft which is 3 rooms. And the building is be complete at 2007. The price of the building is RM640 per sq ft during 2008 barely during 2009 the price is quickly rose to more than RM1,000 per sq ft. But from now it was around RM1,500 per sq ft. Sources( Seven Park 2014) Civil Engineering ProjectCivil engine room projects involving the environment or change the structure of significant construction and renovation projects. An example of civil engineering projects built may have been used to become electricity and provide flood control and irrigation control, while climate change might involve beach nourish and protect the coastline Station. Civil engineering projects have occurred in a very different scale around the world. Some examples of civil engineering projects include updating a city se lucre treatment governance to accommodate the growing population, the construction of the canal, the construction of a bridge, widening the roadway earthquake reconstruction, restoration of wetlands, as well as private homes, so that they meet local building codes.The case stud y that I found for civil engineering project is Lebuhraya Kajang Seremban (Lekas highway). It is a highway which is a bleak bivalent three lane highway between Kajang and Seremban. South direction through the general, LEKAS immediately begin Kajang Ring Road in the south cloverleaf interchange, ending Paroi, in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan Khusus home branch. Highway concession granted LEKAS in November 2006, and IJM Corporation Berhad and KASEH Private Limited as a shareholder. The project is be complete at celestial latitude 2009.With the 44.3 km foresighted, LEKAS an effective cost highway in the heart of Kuala Lumpur between the eastern and the hibiscus. Alignment by Kajang, Semenyih, Pajam, Wending, Setul and highly developed areas Paroi pass. LEKAS is an open toll system Kajang and Setul and Setul and Paroi between, including close three chief(prenominal)line toll charging system and three off ramp toll station.Sources ( Lekas Highway 2015)b) Describe the specific economic r easons of the projects mention in (a). Residential ProjectThe specific welfare of economic that the residential project bring to our landed estate is first to provide a place for the people to live. Residential building like terrace house or apartment. It is a place which is let the people have their activities with their family or their friends. Besides, it also provide a insurance for each of the family.Second is it also provide the economic for the country, which is call revenue enhancementes. The government will using taxes to amend our country economic. Normally, for the terrace house the taxes will be more cheaper compare to the bungalow. The taxes that is charge for the residential building is assessment tax. It is a local property tax, which is based on the annual rental value of the property. It is find by the local government, usually in the ratio of six percent of the residential property, is paid in two installments each year. Therefore the taxes that charge by govern ment is the one of the economy fruit. Therefore the government will use the money at others economy way. Therefore, if the government known how to use the money, it will improve our country economic growth.Third, for those high rise residential building like apartment or flat. This can reduce the land use, while it can append the human occupancy in a building. Therefore, the government could utilize the land more economically. Example, like Kuala Lumpur, there are less land and they are many people is working and stay there. Therefore, to solve this problem, the government uses the land to construct the high rises buildings like condominium or apartment, so the people who work in KL have the enough place to live and continue their works. Highway ProjectWhile the specific economic that the highway project bring to our country is to shorter the period that from one place going to other place. For example like, from our college legenda, Mantin going back to my home, Serdang Raya, if using the normal road the duration to reach my home is around one and a half hour (1h30m). But if I going home with the highway, the duration that reach my home is only forty-five minute (45m). Therefore the highway is help us to save a lot of time in our destination.Because, it also easy to access. Which is means, if we want to go Perak, we using highway to go, but let say we miss the first junction to go Perak, but we still got second or third junction to go. Therefore, in Malaysia, we will lost, because any place also have highway. So it let the people easy to access any place that we want to go.Last, since the highway got so many advantages but it also looks like not helping our country economic. Therefore, in both(prenominal) of the place we have a toll to collecting the money to adjoin our country economic. For example for place which have toll Sungai Besi highway, Seremban highway, Kajang highway, and etc. Each of the places, have the toll to collect the users money to imp rove our economics.Task 3a) List the two (2) major category of insurance indemnity Fiscal PolicyIt is referred to as involving taxes (taxes) and expenditure (expenditure) government insurance. Changes in the level of taxation and government spending will come upon aggregate demand (AD) and the level of economic activity. The role of fiscal policy to stimulate economic growth recession. In addition, it is also stable economic growth and prevent chest economic cycle. There are two types of fiscal policies expansionary policies and austerity. Involving expansionary policy increases AD austerity policies, including in the year dropped Monetary PolicyIt is used by central lodges to control the amount of money in the economy, which in turn will affect the fire rate tool. It involves the use of interest judge or other pecuniary tools to control the level of consumer spending. Monetary policy to promote economic stability and growth by providing interest rate. Its purpose is to stabil ise prices, ensure a low level of unemployment. There are two types of monetary policy monetary policy and tight monetary policy. Loose policy may reduce interest rates and tightening policy will increase interest rates to reduce inflation level.b) State the characteristics of both policy Fiscal PolicyFirst, the policy of this issue, in order to promote investment in the economy is more focused on peoples livelihood. Although the investment is still the main means of expanding domestic economy, policy is more important at this time pay attention to peoples livelihood, or low-income groups on this measure at least five to ten, for example, to build more affordable housing, accelerate infrastructure construction in rural areas, speeding up to promote poverty reduction and improve the suppuration of health care, culture and education, speed up the ecological construction, sewage and garbage disposal, pollution prevention and post-disaster relief and reconstruction.Secondly characteri stics is the income of urban and rural residents and improve the tax system reform includes measures to expand domestic demand in the first. All regions and sectors will be fully and VAT reform progress, encourage technical reform, about(predicate) 120 companies and one billion yuan loans to ease the burden on enterprises. It is considered a huge leap forward. In the future, it will also reduce income wage earners, self-employed and small businesses, expand the circle of consumption subsidies for urban and rural residents, to focus more on improving consumer credit, in order to stimulate consumer demand.Third, the new policy combine with a long-term and short-term goals. This will help promote economic growth and structural adjustment, to encourage independent innovation, to support the reading of high-tech, technological advances and services. In addition, the new policy also combined to expand investment and stimulate consumption, and proposed the establishment of primary healt h care system, such as construction, speed up renovation in high school and middle school in western China, to promote the cultural construction of special education schools measure centers in rural areas, speed up the affordable housing and low-cost housing, reconstruction of houses and herdsmen dangerous construction of settlements, as well as to speed up construction of rural infrastructure. These measures will help to boost consumption and economic growth, and build a well-off and harmonious society.Sources (Three Characteristics make fiscal policy more effective 2008) Monetary PolicyFirst characteristic is consideration. IJ Macfarlane, Reserve Bank of Australia to recognize speech in 2002, no one likes the high interest rates, people tend to be regarded as evidence of bad monetary policy. However, high interest rates may be necessary in high-inflation economy. In such an environment of low interest rates will only exacerbate the problem, Macfarlane said adding that low interest rates, but it is necessary in some cases, often means an unhealthy economy.Second is prevention/ or solution. In a healthy economic good monetary policy requires the central bank to strike a very high interest rates to choke healthy economic growth and low inflation, interest rates are not included among the compromise, according to McFarlane. This may require the central bank to determine the annual growth rate of potential health and targeted inflation rate. In this case, monetary policy will focus on a constant currency growth rate, which is consistent with the target level of GDP growth and inflation.Last is perspective. In addition to setting targets for economic growth and inflation, monetary policy should follow a point of view, taking into account the whole economy, not the performance of a particular sector. McFarlane noted that the housing sector as an example, he said, the price is higher, making it more difficult for a young couple to buy a home reflects the problem of the distribution of wealth, rather than the symptoms, monetary policy should be addressed.Sources (Characteristics of Good Monetary Policy 2015)c) Using the specific project (s) as example, rationalize the importance of government involvement in the project and construction industry by considering both of the policy.What is the importance of the government involvement in the project and construction industry. The importance of the government involvement in the construction industry is first some of the project like, government building or the civil engineer building like highway, bridge or etc. Before the company, construct the specific building, they must get the approval like the JKR or PWD (Public Work Department) which is from the government or public company.If the company construct the building without approval by government like JKR or PWD the building will call as a felonious project. So the company have to register to the government and get the duty stem stamping by the go vernment only can start the project. Therefore this is one of the importance that the government have to involve to the construction industry.Due to the construction industry is play significant role in the economic growth. So the gain of the government involved in construction industry is to improve the economics of the country. While this is considering to the Fiscal policy. Fiscal policy is means the government can increase or decrease the taxation, subsidy and spending to stabilize the economic growth. When the government is applying the fiscal policy, it tends to stimulate the aggregate the production and it boost up the income. Therefore this is the benefit of the government involved in the construction industry. Therefore, the taxes also is one of the income to improve the economics in the country.Besides that, Monetary policy also is involved in construction industry by the government. Sometimes the project is very big like highway, therefore the cost that have to spend is much more higher. Therefore, the government sometimes will not enough funding to continue project. Because the government is not only got one project, sometimes it got few project in one times, therefore they will not enough funding to continue for the project.So the government will borrow the loan from the bank which is including the interest rate. Because the bank got long term loan and short term loan, So for the big project, normally the company will select the long term loan. So the government can borrow the loan from the bank, therefore it got enough funding to continue the process of the projects.In my summary, I will suggest the public and private sector combined together as a Public-private partnership. The reason is because, although the private sector have a lot of funding to the construction site, but private sector got a lot of document is complete like the stamping. While for the public sector/ or government, although there got the complete document for the constructio n but they dont have enough of funding to continue for their previous project. Therefore to solve the problem for this both types of sector, combined both of the company is the best way.BibliographyCharacteristics of Good Monetary Policy, (2015), Online, Available at http//www.ehow.com/info_7880452_characteristics-good-monetary-policy.html Accessed on 15 may 2015Case Studies of Transportation Public-Private Partnerships around the world, (2007), Online, Available at http//www.fhwa.dot.gov/ipd/pdfs/int_ppp_case_studies_final_report_7-7-07.pdf Accessed on 2nd May 2015Lekas Highway,(2015), Online, Available at http//www.ijm.com/infrastructure/toll/LEKAS/corporate.asp 19 May 2015Park Seven (2014), Online, Available at http//klcccondominiums.com.my/park-seven/ 19 May 2015Residential Project Ideas (2015), Online, Available at http//www.dukeofed.org/ab/residential-projectvolunteer-opportunities Accessed on 7 May 2015The Difference Between the Private and Public Sector, (2014), Online, Av ailable at http//www.privacysense.net/difference-between-private-public-sector/ Accessed on 29 April 2015Three Characteristics make fiscal policy more effective, (2008), Online, Available at http//en.people.cn/90001/90780/6536000.html Accessed on 16 May 2015The Private Sector and Development Five Case Studies, (1998), Online, Available athttp//wwwwds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/2002/02/16/000094946_02020504015321/Rendered/PDF/multi0page.pdf Accessed on beginning(a) May 2015

USB flash drives

USB flash drivesThe USB (Universal Serial Bus) Flash drives ar small storage devices which can store large come in of information in the form of flash retrospection and are portable. They are available in different sizes varying from 256MB to 64GB. The history to when the USB frame drives first came in existence is quite controversial, however, it is said that the first commercially-available USB flash drive was called the ThumbDrive, it was produced by Trek Technology in the year 2000. Soon IBM came out with its own impersonate known as the DiskOnKey. By 2002, there were several companies which entered the market producing a similar product and marketing it.Pen drives comparatively have a much(prenominal) larger size than a usual lax disk, which has a maximum data electrical condenser of 1.44MB, or a compact disk, which has a maximum capacity of 700MB. This invention was a vast transformation from the era of floppy disks, as people required a device that would have a large r memory and yet be portable. The previous technology could only be used to store small size data for a short period of cartridge holder that is 3-5 years, while Pen drives can store much larger size data for at to the lowest degree 10 years and no special sell is required unlike in the case of CDs. The latest pen drives consist of a built-in MP3 player and finger print scanners. They only concept of data storage seems to be common between both the technologies. This technology highly attracted consumers as it make large amount of data transfer possible, which would otherwise be very expensive to carry out. This invention can be classified to be a discrete change from the traditionally used floppy drives or compact disks. This is because it was completely transformed by size, shape and its features. Alternatively, since it still belongs to the segment of device for storing memory, it may overly be considered a gradual change. Its uniqueness and the situation that it has been fu rther developed and integrated with appliances, like music players and cameras make it a more than discrete change. In the recent years many firms have entered the persistence and started supplying the product, there have been gradual changes made to the initial design. The intense competition in the industry is mainly based upon the amount of features provided by all(prenominal) competitor at the lowest rate possible. This is a clear contrast to its initial stage where the degree of competition was low with only a a few(prenominal) firms supplying.With the degree of competition increasing in the industry the level of uncertainty has always been high as the companies and the businesses are unaware of what is next? However, the recent upgrades made to the design show comparatively a smaller change in the initial design. It can be said that the product has probably reached the highest point in its growth stage or is entering the maturity phase and therefore further developments n eed to be done for it to survive. The level of uncertainty seems to be declining with the growth in the industry. When speaking of Economic contribution, pen drives have not made any contributions to the economy as such. However, they have had a positive impact on the society as mentioned above, they made large data transfer possible at cheaper rates.The invention of USB flash drives has affected many stakeholders (with respect to IBM) Stakeholders are those multitude of people who are affected either directly or indirectly by an organisations actions (business dictionary). The ones most affected would be competitors, consumers, suppliers, mangers and shareholders. The competitors are stakeholders directly interested in the decisions made by its rival, IBM. Pen drive was a new advanced product which almost replaced the previous technology thus attracting the consumers to it, who later switched from companies supplying floppy disks and compact disks to IBM, thereby reducing the com petitors market share. The competitors then had to incur huge research and development costs and produce a product at least equivalent to IBM in stage to retain their market share. The invention also affected the suppliers of IBM. As the technology got older, cost reduction was essential for IBM in order to survive the cut-throat competition. Hence, the suppliers would have to be efficient enough to supply at reasonable rates. Consumers were amongst the highly affected stakeholders, they are the ones who tryout new products and provide feedback to the companies. They are high risk takers as they initially entered an unknown market as this kind of technology was an entire new concept. Pen drives are no suspect smaller and more compact when compared to compact disks and floppy drives. By compact we mean that they are physically smaller than the latter and are capable of storing larger amount of data. When compared to CDs they are also scratch proof, making them more portable. Latest designs have reduced the size further, as small that it can be advantageously carried in a wallet. Also some are available with cameras and MP3 players built in them. This factor also shows that it is not resistant to innovation, further improvements and modifications are being done to develop the product further. The development will attract consumers who are more technology savvy it could also be done to overcome the drawbacks it shortly suffers. Over the years the invention has innovated a number of time, however there are drawbacks to this kind of technology also. Despite the fact that the storage capacities have meliorate over the years not a lot has been done to improve the security of storing information. Many businesses supply their employees with pen drives for them to access work from almost anywhere, thus security is a major issue as important data could be misplaced, if pen drive is misplaced. There is no technique available to track the device or to retain or erase the information on it. Also these devices are not compatible with some operating systems thereby not proving to be efficient enough for the consumers. It can alternatively be argued as they are compatible with most of the commonly used operating systems like Microsoft Windows XP, mac OS X, etc. A lot of information is stored on a drive and it can be used on almost all the computers, the more it is used on different systems the higher are the chances for it to contain a virus. This means that if a computer contains virus and a pen drive is connect to it, unless it is write-protected it is very easy for a virus to copy itself on a pen drive and attack other computers. This again reduces security of information as some anti viruses often delete the virus affected file, therefore essential information could be lost.The technology may be getting go bad each day but the new releases and latest pen drives are very expensive. This can also be considered to be a disadvantage as the consu mers are unable to buy it and by the time they do a better version of it is available. As far as personal experience says, pen drives have a slower transfer rate when compared to hard disks. However, the size factor nullifies the impact as pen drives are much smaller and portable. It could also be one of the future development possibilities for the businesses to make it even more sleek and stylish. They could enhance its security by probably adding an auto-lock code to it, so if it is in wrong hands it would probably lock itself and be of no use. They could also work on the transfer rate and increase the storage capacity to somewhat 1 tetra byte. Referenceshttp//www.buzzle.com/articles/usb-flash-drives.htmlhttp//www.ehow.co.uk/about_5484089_invented-usb-flash-drive.html?cr=1http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/stakeholder.html

Green Solvent for Synthesis and Catalysis

Green termination for Synthesis and CatalysisAdnan S/OAbdul QayyumTitleGreen Solvent for deductive reasoning and catalysis Room Temperature Ionic Liquids.AbstractThis proposal describes a research project to discount the bonce runninesss the substitute green, non-volatile solvent to harmful volatile innate solvent and chemical industries in the future. The ionic liquids, whose properties can be predicted before their synthesis. The already known properties enable to gain required result for antithetic applications. This has versatile the range of applications of Ionics liquids. The properties of I.Ls ar affected by a no. of factors such as lattice energy, electrostatic potential between cation and anion, arouses of ions, breakup between the charges, symmetry hydrophobicity. Currently scientists are massageing not only on synthesis of new ionic liquids but also elevating their applications in different fields including solar cells, lubricants, green natural solvents etc. Because of significant properties attributed to these new classes of compounds, which give birth been classified as new compounds only a decade ago, we started studies towards the synthesis of ionic liquids. We attempted to prepare different types of ionic liquids. i) Imidazole establish ionic liquids ii) Caffeine found ionic liquids.IntroductionThe term ionic liquid implies a material that is fluid at (or close to) ambient temperature, is colorless, has a low viscosity and is easily handled. (Sheldon)Room temperature ionic liquids are generally salts of organic cations, e.g. tetraalkylammonium, tetraalkylphosphonium, N-alkylpyridinium, 1,3-dialkylimidazolium and trialkylsulfoniumcations. (Sheldon)Most basic definition of a room temperature ionic liquid is a salt that has a melting token at or beside room temperature. (Handy)Organic salts with melting points below ambient or chemical reaction temperature. (Maio)Ionic liquid is a salt with a melting temperature below the turn p oint of water. (Wilkes)Ionic liquids are defined as molten salt composed entirely of ions without any neutral molecules and having low melting point (usually cC)The properties of the ionic liquids are mentioned below.Problem or NeedIn this knowledge era, science has changed our world by discovering new methods to be the beneficial for human creation but simultaneously it also pollutes our environment. Therefore these methods and chemicals have also become somehow harmful to the human beings. So this is how, these chemicals, which polluting our environment have become a problem for the common people. Organic solvents are widely used in the laboratory and industries, which are volatile and used in huge amounts, i.e. Solvents are the almost damaging chemicals. That is why, our research project is about finding some green alternative to the most damaging solvents. The new alternative solvent ordain be non-volatile, less toxic, biodegradable, air and moisture stable and economically viable to large scale process.Objectives and Expected SignificanceWe have prepared project to give alternative solution to above mention problems. After synthesizing the green non-volatile, non-toxic solvent, the pollution could be reduced to great extent. Not only this, ionic liquid may have a lot of benefits and may be used as in batteries, propellants, lubricant, storage media for toxic gases, performance additives in pigments and many more.Methodology6.1. Imidazole based ionic liquids.Room temperature ionic liquids are generally salts of organic cations, e.g. tetraalkylammonium, tetraalkylphosphonium, N-alkylpyridinium, 1, 3-dialkylimidazolium and trialkylsulfoniumcations. Imidazole has a unique property to stabilization a positive charge on nitrogen thats why we use it as a substrate. Two nitrogens in imidazole stabilize quaternary nitrogen charge therefore the weaker the charge so it form ionic liquid which is liquid in room temperature. General reaction of imidazole based ion ic liquid is6.2. Caffeine based ionic liquidsCaffeine has been chosen due analogy of its structure with imidazole. Since five membered-ring that is fused with a six membered ring possessing amide and imide moieties, must behave want imidazole which has extensively been used in the synthesis of ionic liquids. For this reaction, first we prepared alkyl caffenium halides by treated of caffeine with different alkyl halide (i.e. methyl iodide, ethyl iodide and hexyl bromide) and taken tetrahydrofuran as a solvent, alkyl caffenium halide is obtained as a white crystals. We also tried to prepared caffeine based ILs due to its equal analogy structure with imidazole. Caffeine is relatively less expensive and is easily useable in abundance. ILs become cheaper and its applications enhanced due to the use of caffeine.It is reported in literature that Nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds are used to generate stable carbenes, which were then used to carry out different reactions. One of s uch reaction is benzoin condensation that may be carried out using carbenes.Properties of Ionic LiquidsThe properties of ionic liquid differ by the different combinations of cation and anion for particular applications. Some of the serious properties of ionic liquids are melting point, vapour pressure thermal stability, viscosity, high heat capacity. Due to these properties ionic liquids are widely applicable, as installn in sort 2.Melting PointIonic liquids are defined as molten salt composed entirely of ions without any neutral molecules and having low melting point (usually 100C). The chemical and structural composition of an ionic liquid (molten salt) depends upon its melting point. take downing of melting point is due to the low symmetry of cation and weak intermolecular bonding. By keeping the cation constant we can also use different anions which can affect the melting point. The melting point decreases with increase in the sizing of anion. 3Vapour Pressure and Thermal S tabilityIonic liquid have no measureable vapour pressure due to this property it can easily stranded from reaction mixture by distillation. The thermal stability of an ionic liquid is directly related to the strength of the heteroatom-carbon and heteroatom-hydrogen bonds. Ionic liquids formed from either protonation of amines or phosphanes show significantly restricted thermal stability. 3DensityThere is a linear relationship between the density and the N-alkyl range of a function of cation. The density decreased as the N-alkyl chain increased. 3ViscosityIonic liquids are generally more viscous then the classical organic solvents. Cation shows some effect on the viscosity of the ionic liquid. Lower viscosities tend to be a result of small side chains that have sufficient mobility. As side chain increases due to vander waal forces viscosity increases. Temperature is some other factor which affects the viscosity of ionic liquid. As temperature increases viscosity decreases. 3Solubi lity CharacteristicsBy changing the combination of cations and anions we can tune the solubility of ionic liquid. The solubility of ionic liquid can also depends upon the temperament of R group. By increasing the length of alkyl chain the hydrophobicity of the cation increases, as the result its water solubility decreases. 6Solvent PropertiesThe most common classification used to describe a solvent is polarity of that solvent. Ionic liquids are considered as polar solvent by nature because they can dissolve and stabilize dipolar or charged solutes. 3 They have tendency to dissolve many different many other materials such as organic, inorganic and organometallic materials. 1Table1 Comparison of ionic liquids with organic solvents. 5Scope of Ionic liquidsIonic liquids are attractive, useful, advanced solvents that are a sight of attention by the renowned chemists for its unique and distinct properties. Its tunable components provide a wide range of successful and desire products.Fig ure2.IL publications (on may 27, 2009) determined from the ISI Web of Science in the last cardinal years.This is the main reason it is getting huge importance in the field of chemistry now a days. No doubt the immense research work in the field of green chemistry has been an attractive sight for the last few years. 5By the passage of time many new cations and anions have been reported. The common cations and anions are given belowCommon AnionsBF4 B(CN)4 CH2CHBF3 CF3BF3 C2F5BF3 nC3H7BF3 nC4H9BF3 PF6 CF3CO2 CF3SO3 N(SO2CF3)2 N(COCF3)(SO2CF3) N(SO2F)2 N(CN)2C(CN)3 SCN SeCN CuCl2 AlCl4 OHCommon CationsTimelineAs soon as this project is funded, we import chemicals in first two months while start synthesizing with the available chemicals. Within a one year InshaAllah, we will complete synthesis about 50 ionic liquids and also check their applications.EvaluationThe evaluation will be conducted by PCSIR and HEJ Research institute. This evaluation will be done under the direction of Dr. Na sir-Uddin who has much experience as a professional chopine evaluator. He had also done the evaluation of several large-scale governmentally funded projects. All chemists already have the experience on this research topic. Every sample will be done under the supervision of Dr. Imran Ali Hashmi, Ph. D from German on synthetic chemistry.Reference Literature CitedA review of ionic liquids towards supercritical fluid applicationsSedaKeskin, DefneKayrak-Talay, UgurAkman, O nerHortacsuDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342, Istanbul, TurkeyReceived 2 August 2006 received in revised form 8 May 2007 accepted 29 May 2007Green chemistry ionic liquid Useful reaction solvents (TCI)Physical Properties of Alcohol Based Deep Eutectic SolventsThesis submitted for the item of Doctor of Philosophy by Robert Christopher Harris, University of Leicester, 2008Paradigm Confirmed The First Use of ionic Liquids to Dramatically Influence the Outcome of Chemical ReactionsOrgan ic letters, 2004, Vol. 6, no.5, 707-710Review on the Chemical Stabilities of Ionic LiquidsSubbiahSowmiah, VenkatesanSrinivasadesikan, Ming-Chung Tseng and Yen-Ho Chu *Molecules 2009, 14, 3780-3813 doi 10.3390/molecules14093780Ionic liquids Innovative fluids for chemical processingAIChE Journal Volume 47, Issue 11, pages 23842389, November 2001Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. Solvents for Synthesis and CatalysisChem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2071-2083ACTA UniversitatisOuluensis, Johanna Krkkinen dressing and characterization of some ionic liquids and their use in the dimerization reaction of 2-methylpropeneThe Design of Polymeric Ionic Liquids for the Preparation of Functional MaterialsJournal of Macromolecular Science R _, Part C Polymer Reviews, 49339360, 2009Ionic Liquids Current developments, potential and drawbacks for industrial applicationsLenzingerBerichte, 84 (2005) 71-85Recent developments of task-specific ionic liquids in organic synthesisGreen chemical science Letters and Reviews V ol. 4, No. 1, March 2011, 41_54Task-Specific Ionic LiquidsJames H. Davis, Jr. Chemistry Letters Vol.33, No.9 (2004)Wohler, F. Liebig. J. Ann. Pharm. 1832, 3, 249-282Lapworth, A. J. J. Chem. Soc. 1903, 83, 995-1005Van DenBerg, H. J. J. Mol. Cat. 1943, 51, 1-12Suzuki et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 8432-8433Budget1 Page

The Problems of Doing Good :: Politics Political Essays

The Problems of Doing Good In 1938 Mao Zedong summarized one of the most important problems with warfare in Problems of struggle and Strategy War can only be abolished through war, and in order to get rid of the gun it is necessary to take up the gun. American intervention in Somalia began as a peacekeeping mission to ensure that food donated by goodwill organizations got into the hands of the civilians who were starving since the theft of these donations by Somali soldiers was widely reported in the international press. As the conflict progressed, our presence shifted and evolved into nation-building. The United States was essentially living out Zedongs warning, and we were soundly criticized for it. Was the mission ethically reassert? The only reasonable and logical conclusion that can be reached is that entering the conflict in Somalia was the product of very poor judgment.Before entering a conflict a nation should, at the least, stand to gain something if she wins. Everyone l ost during the Somalia hostilities statistically we did not save many Somali lives, we increased our notoriety end-to-end the world for getting involved in things that dont concern us, American soldiers died, and funds that could have been appropriated elsewhere were spent without concern for their investment. As if this werent bad enough, it was clear from the inauguration that the only reason we got involved was out of a sense of pity. Humanitarian support through military intervention is as much of a conundrum as George Bush caring about a poor third-world nation. The action raises this ethical question is the act of saving Somali lives worth the loss of American lives? Historically our armed forces have served only to protect the freedom of democracy and maintain national security. Humanitarianism falls into neither of those categories. The problem lies in the public that the United States has no vested interest in the outcome of a civil war in Somalia. It does not affect us economically, politically, socially, it does not affect our allies, the righteousness of trade agreements, and it had no bearing on national security or foreign policy. The truth is that conflict in Somalia should not have even make its way onto the Whitehouse agenda because it does not affect us at all. Equally important as the fact that American men and women died to bring food to Somalis, is the moral philosophy from the standpoint of the Somalis.

Chronicle Of A Death Foretold :: essays research papers

     It was rainy on the day of Santiago Nasars murder, and yet by the account of others, it was not. His cobblers last is so mingled with illusory images that everything seems mystified much want demise itself. The fact that the story is about how a death consumes the lives of the entire township as well as the victim, shows that it is concerned with death in life and asks us to evaluate our own views.      Not only is the story concerned with death in life on the literary level, but the people of the town feel obliged to honor and offer gifts to a bishop that doesnt even like the town. It is perhaps because they fear if they do not keep their faith, they are putting in jeopardy their fate after death this is the primary concern of each(prenominal) religions, life after death and fear of the unknown. "For years we couldnt talk about anything else. . .and it was obvious that we werent doing it from an urge to clear up mysteries but be cause no(prenominal) of us could go on living without an exact knowledge of the place and the mission assigned to us by fate"(113).           "All right, girl, he express to her, trembling with rage, tell us who it was. . .Santiago Nasar, she said"(53). Whether or not Santiago Nasar was the reason behind Angela Vicarios lost honor, his death shapes and defines her life afterwards. umpteen in the town describe her as being a woman half in mourning and the narrator is amazed at how she ends up arrest her own life despite how much she was made to die in life(101).      Chronicle of a Death Fortold makes us look at life and death and face uncertainty about our future. Because it questions death and our belief in religion, it depreciates, in a sense, our