Detroitism

Historical Oblivion John Patrick Leary’s essay, Detroitism  explores the most common rhetoric that Detroit as a city and a symbol often falls  victim  to the validity of ‘ruin porn’ which attempts to document but often exploits its history. Leary is an  American literature teacher  at Wayne State University in Detroit. His essay explores in-depth the shallowness of popular ruin pornographers, Yves Marchand and Romain Meffre, photographs from their book, The Ruins of Detroit,  as well as other popular photographers.He also  outlines the three â€Å"Detroit Stories,† which are typical  attitudes  regarding Detroit news and media discussion. He intends to reveal a point he thinks is of reasonable importance to readers’. His essay is one with a valid message. However it can be difficult to understand exactly what he means at times as he shifts from criticism to defence of the photographers he mentions, which can sometime confuse them in to getting to different conclusions. Nevertheless, he does eventually secure a crucial point that stands out to most readers.According to John Patrick Leary, â€Å"Detroit remains the Mecca of urban ruins. † Leary notes that ruin photography is often deemed â€Å"pornographic,† and questions how photographs of a crumbling city can really tell us why that city crumbles. Where ruin photography succeeds is â€Å"in compelling us† to ask the questions necessary to put this story together—Detroit’s story, but also the increasingly familiar story of urban America in an era of prolonged economic crisis. He adjusts his writing in an effort to unveil a different view of Detroit’s past to the readers.In Leary’s view, most people are completely blinded by the fascination conveyed in the photographs and are unaware of the events that actually took place in the city. One example of ruin-porn Leary chooses to criticize is an extract from The Britis h filmmaker Julien Temple’s   Ã¢â‚¬ËœDetroit: The Last Days’: â€Å"In their shadows, the glazed eyes of the street zombies slide into view, stumbling in front of the car. Our excitement at driving into what feels like a man-made hurricane Katrina is matched only by sheer disbelief that what was once the fourth-largest city in the U. S. ould actually be in the process of disappearing from the face of the earth. † Leary describes this style as the locally denounced â€Å"ruin porn,† as all the elements are present: the exuberant connoisseurship of dereliction; the unembarrassed rejoicing at the â€Å"excitement† of it all, hastily balanced by the liberal posturing of sympathy for a â€Å"man-made Katrina;† and most importantly, the absence of people other than those he calls, cruelly, â€Å"street zombies. † Leary’s point is that the city and its people aren’t properly mentioned for they mean nothing to Detroit authors; their only interest is to come up with something readers find fascinating.This is exactly what Leary disapproves of and is the main purpose of his essay. According to Leary, no photograph can adequately identify the origins for Detroit’s contemporary ruination; all it can represent is the spectacular wreckage left behind in the present, after decades of deindustrialization, housing discrimination, suburbanization, drug violence, municipal corruption and incompetence, highway construction, and other forms of urban renewal that have taken their terrible tolls.The point behind his writing is to, at which to some extent he succeeds, change the reader’s view of Detroit by explaining the reality of the city’s past and allowing readers to imagine themselves in the past citizens’ unpleasant positions, at the time of the city’s downfall. John mentions what is most unsettling to him—but also most troubling—in Moore’s photos is their res istance to any narrative content or explication.For example, he describes Moore’s shot of a grove of birch trees growing out of rotting books in a warehouse as being a sign of Detroit’s stubborn persistence, and that it could easily be a visual joke on the city’s supposed intellectual and physical decrepitude, a bad joke that does not need repeating. Leary seems to disapprove of every photographer he mentions but only to some extent. What he thinks makes this subgenre of urban expose particularly contemporary, though, is the historical and economic phenomenon it struggles to represent, a phenomenon the newness of which few of us can adequately comprehend.He tries to break things down to make it easier to understand his reasoning. Another issue Leary discusses is how the city fascinates as it is a condensed, emphatic example of the trials of so many American cities in an era of globalization, which has brought with it intensified economic instability and seemingl y intractable joblessness. The implied message here is that people don’t realize that they themselves are at risk of sharing Detroit’s fate caused by economic struggles we face today. It’s a clear example of how that term, these days at least, increasingly looks like an optimistic delusion.Leary thinks it may have always been this way, and shows that he’s not satisfied. In viewing  Detroit Disassembled  and  The Ruins of Detroit, according to Leary, one is conscious of nothing so much as failure of the city itself. Neither do the photographs communicate anything more than that self-evident fact. It is difficult to see through the pictures to discover the past. This is the meta-irony of these often ironic pictures: Though they trade on the peculiarity of Detroit as living ruin, these are pictures of historical oblivion.Leary emphasizes that Detroit figures as either a nightmare image of the American Dream, where equal opportunity and abundance came t o die, or as an updated image of it, where people from expansive coastal cities can have the one-hundred-dollar house and community garden of their dreams. Although not directly mentioned, it is clear that this essay was not written only for the sake of Detroit, but rather to introduce a more realistic view of the world, one that Leary thinks the most people misunderstand.Leary tries to support his personal perspective with examples of situations that seem almost identical, providing more opportunities for readers to grab his ideas. It seems he’s so determined to making sure the reader grabs the accurate idea of the events in his writing that he, although it’s not very noticeable, uses guilt to persuade the reader about what he considers to be wrong views of Detroit’s past, which does not work in every approach.This may be due to the drawn conclusion of Leary trying to change the reader, which is understandably taken in disapproval, as readers like to have their own thoughts on implied matters in a reading. Most readers like to be entertained instead of being informed, although it is those readers who need to be informed. This doesn’t mean that his writing is offensive; it just isn’t balanced in a way that makes sense to everyone. At the end of his essay, Leary lessens his criticism about the photography and actually states what they do right. He starts to show a bit of appreciation as well.At that point, he starts to explain his analysis of the photographers’ work as incomplete. He mentions how Photographers like Moore, Marchand, and Meffre succeed in compelling us to ask the questions necessary to put this story together, Detroit’s story, but also the increasingly-familiar story of urban America in an era of prolonged economic crisis. He believes that the fact that they themselves fail to do so testifies not only to the limitations of any still image, but our collective failure to imagine what Detroit’s future, our collective urban future, holds for us all.The decontextualized aesthetics of ruin make them pictures of nothing and no place in particular. Detroit in these artists’ work is a mass of unique details that fails to tell a complete story. â€Å"But it’s a bit more than that,† Leary says, as he tries to explain that their photographs aren’t necessarily wrong, but rather that they are missing an important side of Detroit’s history, one that is crucial to our understanding of its future.

Alibaba Business Model

Abstract: â€Å"Alibaba† has experienced eight years of comprehensive development the establishment of a unique business model, and a new interpretation of e-commerce, launched a new Internet business model – Alibaba model. This new network business model not only for manufacturers to reduce production and marketing costs, but also to â€Å"Alibaba† cleverly avoided because of distribution, logistics and inventory, such as forming a bottleneck for the continued development of e-commerce industry opens up New roads.Alibaba in just a few years to create the myth that Alibaba model for a time and a lot of competitors to imitate the focus of attention. But Alibaba create a model is only a beginning, the Chinese e-commerce to go for their own development path, we must Alibaba model to analyze the advantages and disadvantages, so look for more market opportunities. More careful analysis point of view Alibaba e-commerce model of the advantages and disadvantages of resea rchers and the need to establish e-commerce for SMEs to provide information useful reference. Key words: Alibaba ; E-commerce model; Sales channel; Advantages and DisadvantagesAlibaba's success has told us that the distance between dreams and ideals are not far away, but it is not the pie fall from the sky, I have a few Friends and colleagues of a site visit and repeated after the team of research, we believe that Alibaba is the main success factors: Dream Team's combination of a clear development strategy + execution + effective + unique corporate culture †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ? Now the results of our research and analysis to share with you, initiate, but also hope you criticism and valuable advice, and seek common A better future!Alibaba's success has been close to myth, even though he claims are using international standards themselves, and Ali Baba, not the slightest satisfaction. China's Internet, the business less than 5 years of Alibaba, to have the performance and impact of today, there must be worthy of him, digging Dig, and explore the profound connotation and unique reasons. Ali Baba in the success of many elements, we believe that interpretation of the dream team of Ali Baba, especially worthy of focus.Too many entrepreneurs Persons, entrepreneurs can not build a proper team, leading to their cause bottlenecks; the face of these bottlenecks in the case, although we Can find a very comprehensive theory of healing on the team, many Habitat for Humanity in the discourse of scholars lamented wake up to reality, you can continue to learn Imitation learning the truth from getting close, but once things really imminent, most people are still at a loss without a tree, sighed with regret of the free Copies.Dream Team Alibaba inspiration to us, allows us to wake up and look at itself, the team face the problem, stimulate program ideas, from This need not find any reason to stall themselves, deceive themselves, so that is directed at the core of the problem and find solutions. Ali Baba tells us: a prerequisite for establishing the team must have a clear strategy. An important strategy for an enterprise, no one has ever dared to be ignored. Establishment of an effective team must also be robust clear strategy when As a prerequisite, it is meaningful.Ali Baba that there is no clear strategy, there is no clear direction, no clear direction of the group Team, at best, but mob. Taste of Tang Seng Alibaba advocate team, it is very insightful, have long been ridiculed look down The â€Å"Simon did not know,† the monk, in accordance with the laws of the strategic priority measure, actually turned into a very competent leader, and why? As Buddhist sutras, he Clear and committed to adhere to the direction.Learn the reason for the entire â€Å"Journey to the West† can be set up, Monkey, Pig, Shahe Shang sex Cells was clear and became a valuable and complement each other good team structure. Strategy is both a prerequisite for the establishm ent of the team, but also the central figure on the team, the highest requirement standards. It is this point, when the company started horse Standing rhetoric cloud on the Great Wall, Ali Baba to do in China, the world's best e-commerce sites began to form a team for this well-laid A solid foundation.That the strategic objectives of Alibaba, the strict planning of the long-term goals and short-term objectives and specific practical war Surgery program. So, when Alibaba 1999 heat wave in the Internet and let an withdraw from the Beijing and fade into the paradise of Hangzhou, the public No one left behind and more entrepreneurs. Many people may not care about this, because to set a strategic goal of rhetoric is long term and many people Strengths.However, because of this, Ma and Alibaba China Internet will be the first to smell the smell of smoke in the bubble, and then be carried out Acclaimed series of thin rectification movement, to the attendant to Alibaba in the winter of the I nternet, maintain and enhance the team's strength, as The rise followed lay a solid foundation. Ali Baba tells us: there is no effective execution of all non-existent implementation is the true test of a team, of course, Measure of whether the marker of a team. Tang Seng, a team of four to Buddhist sutras, the definitely not get back, although four of them are present Mark clearly the strong.The team carefully explore the execution of Ali Baba, it is very surprising. The four â€Å"O† (CEO, Ma Yun, chief financial officer CFO Caichong Xin, Chief Technology Officer CTO Wu Jiong, Chief Human Officer CPO related Ming-sheng) and the team, their strengths and Entirely different characteristics, even in related fields are leading figures. These leading characters, explore their resumes to Found that they have a wealth of practical experience, has gradually grown from zero career success of their growth, the maximum quantity body Is the implementation of the charm and indispensable. Strategic direction is clear, the implementation of actions towards the direction of interpretation. For many friends, the parties may prefer to talk Direction and strategy, often overlooked and complicated implementation over time. On a team, the tireless performer is not necessarily an effective complementary Or the lack of scarce resources. Only the rich resources in this area and to join, be possible to show the strength of the team. Otherwise, whether or four monk Four Monkey King, the ultimate collapse of this team are very normal thing.Alibaba looked stunning the implementation details, whether every employee of a customer, whether products and services or staff Worker training programs, are known down to the executable can be seen the point of evaluation feedback can be, with the vice president as saying Kim Hang built, some rules and regulations Implementation of assessment criteria, did we all feel is not worth spending the time or costs, but the cost of all the important front in the implementation of all changes Was pale, but must yield.Ali Baba told us: There is no business of their own culture do not form a good team always. As a team, agree on the strategy, as the recognition of common mission, that is, the recognition of corporate culture. Without such recognition As a basis, the team only in the rain is blowing in a lax. Culture involves many aspects of a business culture is very easy to use one or two sentences General, it is difficult to nuanced interpretation of the details of the enterprise and among all levels.Alibaba trough the Internet during the plan and only 500 yuan per person salary. Took only form of pay is 500 yuan, 500 yuan but take only group Team dispersed, the cultural identity, contains the expectations on the prospects for long-term interests of the immediate interests of the discarded, the confidence of the enterprise, drip Flow with the same entrepreneurial spirit and blood. Without this cultural identity, not only unable to retain 500 per person Alibaba team, Ariba Barry worth of any person simply can not use the 500 exhibits.Very dramatically, not only to retain the original 500 venture group Team, but also attracted millions of dollars in salary as investors appeared Caichong Xin, this sounds like some mysterious circumstances in a true Ali Baba, Ali Baba visible cultural charm. Many enterprises create and can not recognize the role of culture, or that are certainly important but can not find ways and means of how to form construction, or The formation of self-righteous to build, is only a hobby and create a personal habit.To survive as a business development as mentioned above, leaving no Live talent, team morale and other phenomena, it will become normal and can not stop. Culture is building software, invisible, Can not find what you want and can not copy the clone. Alibaba experience tells us that: Create a culture, must have their first Culture. The culture here is not an ordinary sense of the culture, but have a deep understanding of the essence of the enterprise after the enterprise direction, mission, Team, a highly recognized and a consensus interpretation.He formed the atmosphere can be felt, not explained, people moving, people march in a huge Tension, to absorb the spirit of a strong, peaceful, tolerant, generous but challenging, progressive and positive factors. Ali Baba tells us: the only good team was excellent organizational structure may form the organizational structure and capacity and capability between the same teams In fact, the relationship is a mutually reinforcing one another indispensable and interdependent, the link is a healthy relationship.The operation of the enterprise, do not The operational phase with the needs of different teams to work, only the absolute best team, it may be in the enterprise through its continuous operations Adjustment at different stages of the mission capable. More teams will appear at different stages of the collapse of the different, the same as the pain can not be avoided. See fourth Internet â€Å"Competition on the West Lake† photos, almost all of the outstanding team of Internet companies have ceased to exist.Only Ariba Pakistan, five down, as the original, the only change is more confident, more refined, and more mature. This seems to inadvertently Alibaba Completed masterpiece, really surprised us insight: it is the team and organizational structure Alibaba interaction between, so that such a young Ability to organize a huge glow. A group of Internet enthusiasts that absolute idealism of action and color, not only create wealth God Words, and created a team of role models, creating a unique corporate culture, reating a large number of maverick darling of the new economy. Excellent organizational structure in the enterprise at different stages have different adjustments. The organizational capacity of the best from every employee who embodies, In the team gathered in the whole company broke out. Ali Baba said: to help customers and colleagues success is the best embodiment of their own success. Blindly chase Find their own success and the team will not be good team, and ultimately could not reach the other side of success.Alibaba ultimate understanding of the team, we think: There is no competent excellent team of key figures, it is impossible to form good team; Without the excellent team, the company can not have good execution; even execution are not the company, can not form a strong corporate culture , More can not form an effective organizational structure and organizational capacity. Inseparable link between this, which is full of inherent logic of the interdependence relations Department, both divisions of the importance of our team, but also tells us that, indeed, not every business or everyone can easily have a superior form Show team.

Couplings Elements Essay

Couplings are mechanical elements that ‘couples’ two drive elements which enables motion to be transferred from one element to another. The drive elements are normally shafts. We tend to see lot of applications of the couplings mainly in the automobiles, for example the drive shaft which connects the engine and the rear axle in a bus or any automobile is connected by means of a universal joint. In order to transmit torque between two shafts that either tend to lie in the same line or slightly misaligned, a coupling is used. Based on the area of applications there are various types of coupling available. But they are generally categorised in the following varieties 1. Rigid Couplings 2. Flexible or Compensating Couplings 3. Clutches to are a type of Coupling – We will the dealing on them separately. RIGID COUPLINGS Rigid Couplings are mainly used in areas where the two shafts are coaxial to each other. There are many types of couplings that fall under the rigid couplings category. They are  · Rigid Sleeve or Muff Couplings- This is the basic type of coupling. This consists of a pipe whose bore is finished to the required tolerance based on the shaft size. Based on the usage of the coupling a keyway in made in the bore in order to transmit the torque by means of the key. Two threaded holes are provided in order to lock the coupling in position. The photo shows a type of the rigid sleeve or muff coupling.  · Flanged Coupling – The coupling basically consists of two flanged end pieces as shown in the figure. A spigot and recess is provided in the flanges to provide location between them. The flanges are connected firmly by means of fitted bolts which are tightened accordingly to the torque to be transmitted. FLEXIBLE OR COMPENSATING COUPLINGS Flexible couplings are normally used in areas where the coaxiallity between the connecting shafts is not always assured and in areas where there is a possibility of occurrence of shocks in the transmission is applicable. They are also called as Elastic Couplings. By construction these couplings tend to have a elastic member in between the two connecting entities. The different types of flexible couplings are 1. Flanged Pin Bush Couplings 2. Bibbly Coupling 3. Gear Tooth Coupling 4. Tyre couplings 5. Elastomeric Couplings – This consists of jaw type and S-flex couplings. 6. Oldhams Coupling 7. Universal Coupling or Hooke’s Coupling 8. Bellows Coupling Each of the above couplings are quite unique in their construction and we can deal in detail on their constructional and working aspects in separate articles. BIBBLY COUPLING: This article deals with Bibby Resilient type couplings. The article describes constructional aspects of the coupling and the selection procedures for the coupling. * Named after its Inventor Dr. James Bibby in 1917, this coupling is still one of the most sought after flexible couplings for heavy shock applications. Let us now look at the constructional features of the coupling. 1. The Coupling consists of two flanges or hubs specifically mounted on the drive and the driven shafts respectively. These hubs contain axial grooves cut on their circumference. 2. The two couplings are joined or held together by means of a specially designed grid spring. 3. The total assembly is enclosed in a casing or shell filled with grease for low speed applications or, in high speed application with high viscosity oil. Now let’s look at the working aspect of the coupling and how it tends to reduce vibration and prevents the build up of resonance in the system. a.) The specially designed spring is wound up through the grooves forming a series of resilient bridges throughout the periphery of the coupling. b.) The grooves are tapered up at the edges (see photo) in order to provide extra flexible spans to the spring at normal loads and tends to support the spring at the sides whenever overloading occurs. c.) The stiffness of the spring depends on its unsupported length of each of its flexible span. The unsupported length tends to vary with the loads producing a varying stiffness for the coupling based on the loading. d.) This action tends to produce a detuning action altering the torsional vibration frequency of the system that prevents the build-up of resonance. Some applications of Bibby Couplings are 1. Cement Mills – in grinding and crushing machinery. 2. Cranes 3. Conveyors 4. Turbines 5. Marine Auxiliaries 6. Paper Mills Bibby couplings can be used for applications with powers varying from as low as 1 h.p to about 100,000 h.p. per 100 rpm of the coupling. Correspondingly the couplings are available in varying sizes ranging from 100mm diameter to 4000mm diameter. Bibby couplings are capable of taking axial and radial misalignments to a very small extent only. It is necessary for the user to ensure that both axial and radial misalignments are kept to the minimum possible. Selection procedure for Bibby Couplings: The selection of the Bibby coupling is mainly based on the torque being transmitted by the coupling. Each coupling has a characteristic value for the torque transmitted by it to the revolutions per minute of the coupling. The rating of the coupling is given by Rating = Maximum power to be transmitted in h.p/ r.p.m of coupling In order to account for contingencies like shocks, sudden stops, stalling, etc. a factor of safety is to be considered during selection of the coupling. Rating of coupling to be Selected = Max. power of coupling* Factor/ r.p.m. of coupling The chart containing the factors to be considered is given below based on the application and driving machinery. See the selection chart below for the selection of corresponding coupling based on the power. Note: This chart is an indicative for the selection of the Bibby coupling. Kindly refer to an actual manufacturer’s catalog for selection as ratings may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. GEAR COUPLING: This article deals with Gear Couplings. The article describes constructional aspects and selection procedures for flexible gear couplings. * Couplings are used as connecting elements between two shafts. The complexity in the type of connectivity, the power to be transmitted and the area of application tend to play a vital role in the selection of the type of the coupling. Gear Couplings belong to the category of flexible couplings that are capable of transmitting very high torques. Constructionally the gear coupling utilizes the advantages of gear engineering; practically the coupling is a complete gear assembly. Let us now look into the constructional aspects of the coupling. 1. The gear couplings consists of a forged sleeve with internal teeth cut on its inside. The forged sleeves are normally two halves possessing internal gears in both of them. In certain cases the forged sleeve tends to remain a single piece. 2. Two hubs with external teeth containing the same number of teeth as in the internal gear is present with each one being mounted on the driven and driver shaft respectively. The tooth profile of the external teeth is normally crowned in order to take up more loads. 3. The entire assembly in normally enclosed and is provided with gaskets at the joints and O-rings at vantage points in order to prevent the leakage of the lubricant filled inside the coupling, 4. Lubrication plugs are provided at vantage points in order to lubricate the couplings during predetermined intervals of time. Tooth forms in the Coupling: Three types of external teeth are used in gear couplings. The only difference is the manufacturing methodology of the same. a.) Straight Teeth: The external teeth in the hub are straight. During the condition of misalignment in the coupling the contact pattern between the internal gear and the external gear tends to be line type of contact as shown in the figure. b.) Crowning with constant radius: The external teeth are barrel shaped with a constant radius in order to increase the area of contact and move the area of contact to a near middle portion of the teeth. c.) Crowning with variable radius: The external teeth are barrel shaped with a variable radius instead of constant radius. This increases the area of the contact significantly compared to that of the constant radius crowning. The maximum degree of misalignment permissible in gear couplings is from 0.5 Degrees to 1.5 Degrees. This varies with the size of the coupling being used. Selection procedure for gear coupling: The gear couplings are selected based on the torque ratings. 1. 1. The torque transmitted by the coupling is to be determined. 2. 2. Based on the application the appropriate service factor needs to be determined. A reference chart on the service factors is shown below. 3. 3. The equivalent torque is to be determined by multiplying the service factor with the torque transmitted. 4. 4. Select the coupling based on the equivalent torque value calculated. A reference selection chart is given below for example. JAW TYPE ELASTOMERIC COUPLING: This article deals with Jaw type Elastomeric coupling. The article describes the constructional aspects of the coupling and selection procedures. * Couplings are indispensable mechanical power transmission elements used for connecting shafts. Flexible couplings in particular are used in areas where misalignment needs to be accommodated (the flexibility is highly restricted based on the type of Elastomeric material used) and also to take up shock loads at the driven end, thus protecting the driving element like a motor or such. Jaw Type Couplings tend to have a flexible member or Elastomeric member between the two metal components. The flexible member is also called the â€Å"Spider.† The Spider material can be made from different types of rubber or plastic possessing varying degrees of hardness in order to suit the load carrying capacity of the system torsional characteristics. The constructional features of the Jaw type coupling are shown below. The dimensional drawing as wel l as the nomenclature of the coupling is also enclosed. Here as some of the key aspects on the constructional features of the Jaw type coupling. These points are to be considered for the proper selection of a coupling. – The metal hub is constructed of sintered iron, cast iron, or aluminium or stainless steel. The type of metal hub is mainly based on the area of operation of the coupling and its inertia aspects. – The spider is normally made up of a nonmetallic element like rubber, urethane, hytrel because of their Elastomeric properties and in very rare cases bronze is used. BEAM COUPLING: A beam coupling A beam coupling, also known as helical coupling, is a flexible coupling for transmitting torque between two shafts while allowing for angular misalignment, parallel offset and even axial motion, of one shaft relative to the other. This design utilizes a single piece of material and becomes flexible by removal of material along a spiral path resulting in a curved flexible beam of helical shape. Since it is made from a single piece of material, the Beam Style coupling does not exhibit the backlash found in some multi-piece couplings. Another advantage of being an all machined coupling is the possibility to incorporate features into the final product while still keep the single piece integrity. Changes to the lead of the helical beam provide changes to misalignment capabilities as well as other performance characteristics such as torque capacity and torsional stiffness. It is even possible to have multiple starts within the same helix. The material used to manufacture the beam coupling also affects its performance and suitability for specific applications such as food, medical and aerospace. Materials are typically aluminum alloy and stainless steel, but they can also be made in acetal, maraging steel and titanium. The most common applications are attaching encoders to shafts and motion control for robotics. Oldham Animated Oldham coupler An Oldham coupling has three discs, one coupled to the input, one coupled to the output, and a middle disc that is joined to the first two by tongue and groove. The tongue and groove on one side is perpendicular to the tongue and groove on the other. The middle disc rotates around its center at the same speed as the input and output shafts. Its center traces a circular orbit, twice per rotation, around the midpoint between input and output shafts. Often springs are used to reduce backlash of the mechanism. An advantage to this type of coupling, as compared to two universal joints, is its compact size. The coupler is named for John Oldham who invented it in Ireland, in 1821, to solve a paddle placement problem in a paddle steamer design. * * it is recommended to use manufacturer’s alignment target values to set up the machine train to a defined non-zero alignment, due to the fact that later when the machine is at operation temperature the alignment condition is perfect Coupling maintenance and failure Coupling maintenance is generally a simple matter, requiring a regularly scheduled inspection of each coupling. It consists of: * Performing visual inspections, checking for signs of wear or fatigue, and cleaning couplings regularly. * Checking and changing lubricant regularly if the coupling is lubricated. This maintenance is required annually for most couplings and more frequently for couplings in adverse environments or in demanding operating conditions. * Documenting the maintenance performed on each coupling, along with the date.[2] Even with proper maintenance, however, couplings can fail. Underlying reasons for failure, other than maintenance, include: * Improper installation * Poor coupling selection * Operation beyond design capabilities.[2] The only way to improve coupling life is to understand what caused the failure and to correct it prior to installing a new coupling. Some external signs that indicate potential coupling failure include: * Abnormal noise, such as screeching, squealing or chattering * Excessive vibration or wobble * Failed seals indicated by lubricant leakage or contamination.[2] Checking the coupling balance Couplings are normally balanced at the factory prior to being shipped, but they occasionally go out of balance in operation. Balancing can be difficult and expensive, and is normally done only when operating tolerances are such that the effort and the expense are justified. The amount of coupling unbalance that can be tolerated by any system is dictated by the characteristics of the specific connected machines and can be determined by detailed analysis or experience.

Molecular Biology Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Molecular Biology - Lab Report Example Dpn I and Fse I together: fragments of 0.5 kb, 1.1 kb, 1.6 kb and 2.3 kb Dpn I, Eag I and Fse I together: fragments of 0.3 kb, 0.5 kb, 0.6 kb, 1.0 kb, 1.1 kb and 2.0 kb a) How many restriction sites are there for each enzyme What, if any, are the unique restriction sites on this plasmid Ans. Dpn I = 3, Eag I = 2, Fse I = No RS. There are unique restriction sites for Fse I, this restriction enzyme works in conjunction with the Dpn I and Eag I. b) Construct a restriction map of the plasmid and draw it below. Cloning Strategies Question 4 (28%) Describe outline cloning strategies, including vector types (individual vectors need not be specified) and methods used at each stage, for the following scenarios: Worked example You wish to isolate the coding sequence of a human liver enzyme. You have purified the corresponding bovine enzyme and have raised a polyclonal antibody against it. - Make a cDNA library from human liver tissue - this will be enriched for the genes for liver enzymes. - Create the library in an expression vector with a strong promoter so the genes are expressed in the host. - Screen the induced expression library for the presence of the desired liver enzyme using the bovine polyclonal antibody. The antibody will bind to the colonies which produce the protein they recognise. Although the match may not be exact there should be enough conserved homology to ensure recognition. - Positive colonies will be identified by visualising the label on the bound antibody/secondary antibody in the colony hybridisation. a) You have a cDNA clone containing the 900 bp coding sequence of a cell surface protein from pygmy goat monocytes. How can you use this to find the homologous cDNA from the merino sheep b) Having...The results are as follows: step. f1 IG SEQUENCE: to make single stranded DNA for sequencing UNIVERSAL PRIMER SEQUENCE: for primer to anneal to, to initiate sequencing SELECTABLE MARKER (eg lacZ'): to allow selection of clones containing the insert MCS POLYLINKER: insert fragment of DNA here 3.0 kb You must describe the function of the essential features of each plasmid and give some indication of the plasmid size. For expression vectors you must bear in mind the host cells in which the coding sequence will be expressed. a) Nonsense: The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway degrades mRNAs transcribed from genes in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins. c) Splicing: A stage in the processing of mRNA, occurring only in eukaryotic cells, in which intervening sequences (introns) are removed from the primary RNA transcript (hnRNA) and the codig exons are joined together to form the mature mRNA molecule. url:www.geneontology.org . d) Promoter: A nucleotide sequence of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription. It usually lies upstream of (5' to) a coding sequence. A promoter sequence aligns the RNA polymerase so that transcription will initiate at a specific site. e) Reading Frame: A series of triple

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Finance - Essay Example Gitman(2005) in these words â€Å"A firm’s ability to satisfy its short term obligations as they come due†(p.58). It is one of the most important financial indicators of a firm. A firm which will not be able to satisfy its short term obligations will neither be able to satisfy its long term obligations/debts nor will be able to satisfy its stockholders. Time series analysis of Jool’s Product division shows unfavorable results, as out of five indicators four are showing negative results. Although current assets have increased in 2009 as compared to 2008 but increase in current liabilities is more as compared to current assets so division’s liquidity has decreased. Increase in inventory turnover shows that division is now more efficient in selling its inventory. While increase in debtor’s days shows that firm making more credit sales now and is inefficient in collecting its receivables and indicates that money is tied up in debtors. Decrease in credit or’s days shows that division’s credibility has decreased and its suppliers are allowing it less time to pay them back. Division should take immediate actions to decrease its current liabilities which will not only increase its liquidity but will also increase its credibility in front of its suppliers and other stakeholders. Moreover firm should adapt any mechanism to quickly collect its receivables. Asset turnover shows that division has ratio of 1.06 in 2009 which is higher than that in 2008 because the assets have increased but sales has also increased by a greater percentage. It shows that division is more quick in concerting its assets into sales now. Profitability analysis of the Jool’s Products division shows very favorable results as all of the profit indicators are showing highly favorable results which are not only good for division but will also contribute in overall profitability of Jools. But although the division is profitable but management should fix the problem of increasing current liabilities and should control operating expenses and receivables as it said by Gibson â€Å" Even a very profitable entity will find itself bankrupt if it fails to meet its obligations to short term creditors†.(p.253) Kitchen Division Category Ratio 2009 2008 Result Liquidity Ratios Current Ratio 2.02 0.4 Favorable Quick Ratio 0.99 0.78 Favorable Stock Turnover 60.74 49.87 Favorable Debtor Days 15.52 18.17 Favorable Creditors Days 10.22 12.01 Unfavorable Efficiency Ratios Asset Turnover 2.20 2.33 Unfavorable Net working Capital Turnover 10.13 13.67 Unfavorable Profitability Ratios Net Profit Margin 3.51% 3.27% Favorable Operating Profit Margin 3.88% 3.61% Favorable Return on Assets 7.71% 7.62% Favorable Return on Equity 11.77% 11.90% Unfavorable Critical Analysis:- Time series analysis of Jool’s Kitchen Division’s liquidity shows favorable results. Division has a healthy short term obligations fulfilling ability. Inventory is efficiently sold, less credit sales are allowed and receivables are quickly collected. But in spite of its good liquidity conditions creditors are still allowing less time to pay back which is a matter of concern for management. Efficiency analysis of the

The Distinctive Features Of Jesus' Image In Matthew And Luke Essay

The Distinctive Features Of Jesus' Image In Matthew And Luke - Essay Example Christ is able to lead people by giving each of them the opportunity to find personal salvation as well as to continue His good work in Israel by teaching others the truth of God: â€Å"But go rather to the lost sheep of the house of Israel† (Matthew 10:6). Jesus warns the Israelites that they will have the difficult task of discovering the truth of God to ordinary people. He tells them that they can be rejected, however, nothing and no one should break their faith in God and God's truth: â€Å"And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul: but rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body in hell†. Christ explains that the Jewish people can find spiritual salvation only if their souls become a fertile ground for the grain of God's truth. Otherwise, the human soul cannot find a way to God. People should be prepared for various trials and temptations on the way of their spiritual enlightenment. Christ warns people that the way to God involves the spiritual struggle with their vices and sins. This manifestation of the Jewish wisdom of Christ is inseparable from his missionary teaching. Christ focuses on the fact that only adherence to his ethical teaching can give the possibility of salvation, and thus can open a road to eternal life. In general, the essence of the Jewish wisdom of Jesus Christ implies that all people should perceive each other as if they are brothers and sisters. Integrity, honesty and mutual assistance should be the criteria of the life of Jews.

Marketing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Marketing - Research Paper Example uyer, because the seller is denied an opportunity to enjoy the fruits of their labor and ideas while the consumer is deceived into purchasing products they did not intend to purchase, thinking they were the original ones. Do not harm: this means avoiding introduction of counterfeit products that can cause loss to companies that have invested their resources in producing their superior quality products and spent years on end developing their brands. Foster trust in marketing system: production of knock-off products goes against the principle of fostering trust with the competitors because it is done in bad faith and it is also against the law. This also negates trust because it entails undertaking of deceptive product design, pricing, delivery and communication (Kotler & Keller, 2009). Embrace ethical values: production of counterfeit products goes against building of relationships and enhancing consumer confidence, transparency, and respect because they are forced to purchased goods they did not intend to purchase. The gap model of service quality is a customer satisfaction framework that addresses five major gaps that organizations experience when trying to meet their customer requirements, while service quality addresses anything that makes quality of services appealing to the customers. I recently experienced organizational relationship marketing when I visited a restaurant to purchase fast foods. The restaurant attendant treated me so warmly that I felt that I should stick to that particular restaurant whenever I needed to purchase fast foods. This included use of hospitable language, high standards of catering etiquettes and other treatment that made me feel like I am a worthy or a highly valued customer (Kotler & Keller,

Business strategy in student banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9250 words

Business strategy in student banking - Essay Example Another important feature of the student market is the possibility for above-average profitability. Lewis (1982) suggested that banks understood that ‘it is important to attract students to open accounts when they begin college, in the expectation that they would stay with the after graduation, and be lucrative, in the long run, for the bank.’ The fundamental reason for this observation is that college student is the section of the population who has the likelihood of earning a larger income than any other section of the population. As stated by Duncan, Smeeding & Rodgers (1992), only individuals who are studying have a considerably greater probability of rising from the low income strata into the middle class. Specially, as contrasted with non-graduates of similar age group, graduates usually secure more highly paid jobs, achieve a more developing career and thus, grow a need for a greater variety of personal financial services as they go by their own life cycle. The sk ill to build up an existence in the student market through suitable attainment and maintenance strategies is thus expected to have an effect on banks’ future market share and revenue (Thwaites & Vere, 1995).International students signify as a significant market for financial institutions such as banks. The skill to value, comprehend and deal with the precise needs of this segment section of the population is now a vital market reality (Cicic, Brkic, & Agic, n.d). Bankers can no longer maintain their conventional belief that only business.

International Marketing Audit and Plan Research Paper

International Marketing Audit and Plan - Research Paper Example However, it will enter the market through local wholesale distributors. Azzure brand is one of the assorted company’s products that will gain wide acceptance in China because of the benefits the product offer to the users. For example, Azzure is herbal cigarette which has therapeutic qualities. The Chinese smokers are many and increasing each year. Women smokers smoke an average of 11.6 cigarettes a day while the male smokers smoke an average of 15.5 cigarettes a day. More specifically, it is discovered that young male adults smoke an average of ten cigarettes daily, while middle aged adults smoke the highest number of cigarettes daily standing at an average of 17 cigarettes per day. The old male adults smoke he lowest number of cigarettes daily standing at an average of 10.1 cigarettes per day. The number of women smokers are increasing as the advertisement, promotions and production are tailored to appeal to the female adult population. The smoking rate in China is one of the highest in the world. It is estimated that 1.7 trillion cigarettes are smoked in china each year. The reason for this high smoking rate is due to the social culture of the Chinese people who fancy cigarettes in most of its social interaction. Cigarette smoking is considered as social activity and is normally given as gifts to friends, government officials and foreign guest especially when one is soliciting for favours. This behaviour fuels the demand of cigarettes across the adult population and ensures that the consumption rate is maintained throughout the year. Most Chinese prefer the cigarettes brands that are produced in the home country. However, foreign cigarettes are often considered as status symbol. There are over three hundred and fifty million cigarettes smokers in the whole of China. Therefore, there is a steady market for about two trillion cigarettes in China annually. Most cigarettes sold in China are

Joyce Carol Oates' in the region of ice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Joyce Carol Oates' in the region of ice - Essay Example The story also can be viewed as the footprints of the great changes that were taking place in the US society. Indeed Joyce Carol Oates depicts the details of the convent life of the era. This is the depiction of the era that entrepreneurs a trend to oppose any form of repression existing in any form of the society. The fact that Sister Irene, the nun of the story runs off to solve her student Alan’s problem refers to the socializing trend in the activities of the Church. This is the modern trend in the profession of religious personnel as Sister Irene in her modern outfit wearing an abbreviated veil represents the young nuns of the late 60s or 70s. Also the story puts a serious question for it readers whether the rules and regulations that apparently ignore the human instincts are validated enough. The arousal of the carnal instincts of the nun by a psychotic boy clearly indicates the failure of religion as to the repression of the human instincts. If approached from a psychoanalytic point of view the story yields an interpretation of the inner core of human mind. It seems to me that the nun is carried away with her student’s problem because of the reason that he represents her male â€Å"other† in many ways. In the story Allan appears to be impulsive, unreasonable, and rebellious. Sister Irene’s passion for the student can be viewed as her charm for her â€Å"self† that is revealed in Allan’s character. She sees herself that is proud, egoistic, rebellious, impulsive, etc, in him. On this point Allan can be viewed as the forbidden aspect of herself. I think, though the story, â€Å"In the Region of Ice† is a well thought story laden with psychoanalytical implications of human mind, it seems that the skeleton of the story is yet to be fleshed out with the details of its characters. The characters seem to be more of sketches than of full fledged

Capital Asset Pricing Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Capital Asset Pricing Model - Essay Example The underlying theme associated with CAPM is investor’s relationship and the advantages which an investor can attain by the application of this model. The investors are linked in two ways with this technique; one is the time value of money and the other is the risk factor involved in a project. The time value of money can be depicted using the risk-free (Rf) rate in the formula which can then be compensated with the investors for placing money in any investment after a certain period of time. The risk part of CAPM formula is used for representation of risk and calculates only the amount of compensation which any investor can undertake for facing any additional risk. These financials can be calculated using the risk measurement tool i.e. beta, which has the ability to compare the returns of the asset towards the market after a certain period of time having definite market premium. According to the CAPM tool, the expected return of a security calculated on a portfolio is equal t o the rate of a risk-free security, which is further raised by including a risk premium. If this is expected return is not able to be ascertained or is not able to even beat the expected return then the required return and the investment will not be undertaken. Practical Implementation of CAPM This pricing model which is regarded as CAPM was put forwarded in the year 1960 and since then it is under deep influence of criticisms. The argument of such critics involves hypothesis that CAPM does not put forward realistic market conditions.

Pros and Cons of exercising Essay Example for Free

Pros and Cons of exercising Essay Question 3: Do you agree that exercising is the only way to keep fit and healthy? When it comes to the the phrase ‘a healthy lifestyle’, many people often think of the gym as the only way to keep your body in shape. It seems difficult for them to achieve, and is often seen very negatively. However, exercising is not the only way. In fact, there are many ways to keep fit and healthy, such as having a regular diet, having enough rest, and keeping a positive mindset. Having a regular diet is one of the simplest yet hardest way to keep fit. It requires one to adjust the way they eat, and be cautious of their food intake. However, it may not seem as difficult as it may seem to be. For example, fish and chips seems very unhealthy, but there are ways to make it healthier. Baking it instead of deep-frying it, and just adding a few vegetables to go along with your meal would be an easy way to â€Å"neutralize† your unhealthy food. Make a few simple changes to your diet, and you would soon feel much healthier. To make sure your body has abundant energy to do your daily activities, having enough rest is very important. While you rest, your brain stays busy, and prepares you for the next day. Minimal deprivation of sleep takes a toll on your mood, energy, and ability to handle stress. Adults should sleep betweeen 6-7 hours each day. However, if one is not getting average sleep time, it is best to catch up on weekends where there is no work. Sleep should not be deprived of as it can affect your mental state, energy level and ability to focus. Lastly, having a postitive mindset can help boost one’s morale or motivation spirit. When one is postive about his or her life, he or she would be able to solve obstacles they face with ease as they are able to find ways to solve their problems rather than just dwelling over it. This helps keep both the mind and brain healthy. Rather than thinking that life is unfair, one should appreciate the many things that one has.

Physiotherapy for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN)

Physiotherapy for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) 1. Introduction of contractors In this section the contractors of this project assignment will be introduced. 1.1 Client Fisioterapia Alcobendas is a private practice specialized in physiotherapy treatments. Its owner is Marc van Zuilen, HvA graduate who has been operating his own clinic since 1999. The clinic’s main objective is to provide quality and personalized healthcare to the community and its clients. Among the areas of expertise , the following can be listed: tendinitis, hernias, low back pain, whiplash, cervicalgia, tennis elbow, rheumatoid arthritis, arthrosis, scoliosis, plantar fasciitis, fibromyalgia, cystic fibrosis, asthma, neuropathies, spina bifida, Bell’s palsy, etc. Besides being the owner of the clinic, Marc van Zuilen is also a lecturer for Universidad de Alcalà ¡ de Henares, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Asociacià ³n Fisioterapia Deporte de Élite. As part of his professional endeavours, by having this product in his hands, would benefit both the clinic and his actualization for use in lecturing. The client would like to employ for use in his practice a systemized recommendation for exercise for patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Providing the client with an evidence based approach toward treatment of DPN would improve the outcomes in their patients well being and would provide the clinic with a valuable tool to employ in prescribing the appropriate treatment parameters for this group. 1.2 Educational Institution Hogeschool van Amsterdam, located at Amsterdam, Tafelbergweg 51, 1105 BD, pertaining to the Amsterdam School of Health Professions (ASHP) the European School of Physiotherapy (ESP), represented by our coach- Cia Kesselaar. 1.3 Students Mihaela Cosarca and Finda Morsay, last year ESP students will be researching this topic as their professional assignment project. 1.4 Contact information contractors Name Title Phone Email Fisioterapia Alcobendas, Spain Client 0034916238440 [emailprotected] Cia Kesselaar Coach [emailprotected] Mihaela Cosarca Student [emailprotected] Finda Morsay Student [emailprotected] 2. Assignment In this section the assignment proposed by the client will be introduced. Then, the background of the assignment will be described. Furthermore, the end products will be defined and the physiotherapeutic clinical relevance will be explained. 2.1 Introduction assignment Fisioterapia Alcobenda is a well known, established institution in the surrounding community of Madrid, Spain. It is dedicated to the wellbeing of the community it’s serving. The clinic would like to apply an evidence based approach to treatment of some of the most common pathologies encountered in their patients: diabetic neuropathy. In order to do that, they would like to have available a research on the recommended exercise interventions supported by literature. By making use of this tool, the clinic will ensure the best results in their patients. The purpose of this assignment is to investigate diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) as a complication from diabetes and to present the evidence based in favor of exercising as a treatment modality that could prevent, delay or halt the course of this disease. Further on, we will focus on determining which exercise interventions should be incorporated into treatment plans for this group of patients and conclude which parameters of exercising are proven to be effective (type, intensity, frequency, duration). This project plan is developed by Mihaela Cosarca and Finda Morsay, students at the European School of Physiotherapy (ESP) in order to provide a structural approach to tackle the project assignment proposed by our client. 2.2 Background problem and clinical relevance In 2011, WHO estimated that 347 millions people worldwide were suffering from diabetes, with an estimated annual death toll of 3.4 millions. The International Diabetes Federation has an updated number for 2013: 382 mil people worldwide living with diabetes with a forecasted 55% increase to reach 592 million by year 2035. Diabetes is an epidemic and people diagnosed with diabetes are at increased risk of developing a series of serious health problems: cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy or dental disease (CDC 2011). According to American Diabetes Association (2011) of people diagnosed with diabetes, 60-70% will develop peripheral neuropathy and this complication has been deemed responsible for more than 60% of all non-traumatic amputations, in addition to contribution to other consequences: decreased sensation and strength, decreased proprioception, decreased reflexes, poor balance and increased risk of falling, decreased confidence, decreased level of activity and participation and overall decreased quality of life. The 2010 joint statement of ACSM and American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends different exercise interventions mostly for prevention and control of insulin resistance diabetes and to prevent complications. Similarly, a Cochrane review (Thomas et al. 2009) found that exercise was beneficial for people with diabetes as is correlated with glycemic control and significantly contributes to reduction in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, decreases triglycerides and increases insulin response. However, this review did not research the effect of exercise on DPN. The purpose of our study is to determine if exercise is a valid treatment modality for DPN and it will go further into details and to probe which exercise interventions are benefic for those diabetes patients who developed neuropathy and in which combination. The standard of care for diabetic peripheral neuropathy is based on a number of drugs and emphasis on feet care, but the main problem of the pharmacological approach is the fact that it produces side effects (Wamboldt et. al 2006), has been proven to have moderate to no improvement on this condition (Zochodne et. al 2008) and lacks the ability to lessen the progression of DPN (Zilliox et. al 2011, Callaghan et. al 2012). It is our responsibility as healthcare professionals to improve the odds of this patients and to contribute to a better quality of life for this population. In physiotherapy practice, the physiotherapists make use of different treatment modalities for various conditions. Exercise is one of the most accessible and easily prescribed intervention with successful results in many pathologies. Given the existing literature will prove exercise as a worthy intervention, we believe it has the potential to change the course of the disease and the quality of life of the DPN patients and it will be a useful tool in any clinic that treats these patients. Through this review, the students intend to research the main medical databases and to analyze the selected literature to determine the effectiveness of different exercise interventions in the treatment management of DPN. The findings will fill the lack of knowledge on the validity of this intervention as treatment of DPN and will outline the specifics of the treatment as evidenced by literature. This study has the potential to formalize the use of exercise as an evidence based modality for the treatment of peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients. Description of research question 3.1 Methods All the delivered end products must meet the requirements of a Bachelor’s degree. In order to complete this task, the students will use the following resources: 3.1.1 Search strategy To gather the studies for both background information and the systematic review part, we used the following methods: 1) For the evidence based part for the systematic review the students recruited RCT’s, systematic reviews, meta-analysis and existing guidelines. The search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, PEDro, CINAHL, Cochrane, TripDatabase, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar. An individual Cochrane search was conducted to prevent any systematic reviews being omitted during the first step. 2) For all the background information considered relevant for this topic, we also gathered: articles from the reference list contained in the systematic reviews and guidelines and articles found through the aforesaid databases that fall under the inclusion/exclusion criteria. 3.1.2 Keywords The keywords and the MESH terms (Medical Subject Headings) used were: 3.1.3 Inclusion criteria For the background information on DPN, case series, population-based studies, clinical trials, clinical and pilot studies, randomised-controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews and guidelines published between January 2000 and September 2014 were taken into consideration. The background information focuses on definition, factors involved in pathogenesis of DPN, incidence and prevalence, clinical presentation: signs and symptoms, risk factors, diagnostic methods, evaluation (EBP scales) and prognosis, available treatment methods. The inclusion of these articles was considered only if they were included in the reference section of an existing guideline or systematic review. For the systematic review- guidelines, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and randomized control studies published between 2000 and September 2014 were included. Available scientific studies in languages other than English or Spanish were excluded. In addition, some RCTs and case series were also included as long as they were published at a posterior date to the latest systematic reviews or guidelines. Criterion Justification 1 English Language Most specialty journals are published in English 2 2004- 2014 Last decade studies capture the most frequently used physical modalities existing in practice today[1] 3 Studied the effects of dry needling MTrPts on patients with PF 4 Humans > 18 y.o Ensures homogeneity between studies and possibly a bigger population count 5 Diagnostic criteria based on clinical findings Diagnostic criteria must be stated so that it can be easily determined how likely it was the subjects had PF and how similar the population was compared to other studies’ population 6 Quantitative study design incl. RCTs, non RCTs Included studies have to reflect the state of our knowledge and exact limitation; case studies excluded, unless published after latest RCT or systematic review 3.1.4 Exclusion criteria 3.1.5 Criteria for grading articles The articles are graded according to the Pedro criteria list (see appendix ?). In order to assess the quality of the criteria list, we conducted a pilot study where articles were individually graded and scores were compared by the reviewers. Where there was disagreement, discussion was done to reach a consensus. The list consists of 10 questions, scored between 0 and 1, max score 10. Each article was scored as follows: Good- if scored Very good score between 7 and 9 Excellent if scored 9 or 10 After the screening process with the criteria list articles were considered relevant for the study. 4. End Products The end products that will be delivered by the students are: 1. Project Plan- this document is meant as an organizational framework for the project. It outlines the content of the final end product of our PAP: a systematic review to help determine if using exercise as a treatment modality in the management of DPN is recommendable as good practice for PTs and other healthcare professionals. This plan describes the manner in which the students can guarantee quality end products. Efficient work is ensured by a clear task division and a thorough schedule. Buffer days/ weeks are set up to allow margins for the unexpected factors. Lastly, the quality of end products feedback and evaluation of the work is assured through collaboration with competent professionals and guidance from the ESP coach. 2. Systematic Review: the objectives of the proposed review are the following: To serve as an EBP tool for practitioners and students looking for an updated solution for using different exercise interventions in the management of DPN To provide practical guidance based on corroborating any existing EBP guidelines and including latest literature in terms of the exact interventio, the duration, frequency and the length of a standard treatment that could be beneficial for patients with this diagnosis. To provide a list of most common findings encountered through our research and conclude if exercise can be recommended and at what stage of the pathology can give a better prognosis- if evidence allows this conclusion Recommendations for future research 3.PowerPoint Presentation on the students will present the project. The specifics of the investigated intervention will be thoroughly explained with the accent on the most relevant findings of the review. 5. Project phases For optimal management, the project will be divided into three phases: preparation phase, decision making phase and completion phase. 5.1 Preparation phase The preparatory phase (week 37 to.. ) was dedicated to an orientation and selection of relevant literature and an outlining of the project. At the moment, the project is more defined and a more concrete design process is under construction. In this phase the following activities take place: Online or phone meetings with the client and personal meetings with the PAP coordinator A contract between client, student and the university A project plan is being written by the students and approved by the assigned coach 5.2 Decision Making and Progression phase In the decision making phase (week AA to AAA) the following activities take place: A progress report is made weekly and discussed with the coach A personal report is drawn up every two weeks Every day the student dedicates 6-8h/ day for synthesizing the selected literature and writing of the thesis Realization of project: deliver systematic review, leaflet and reports The presentation title plus brief description is submitted 5.3 Completion phase In the completion phase (week AAA to BBB) the following activities will take place: A presentation of the results: given by the student The final interview with the coach to discuss: the process report and the personal report, the end product (protocol and thesis) and feedback of the client Submitting products to PAP coordinator 6. Goals 6.1 Individual SMART goals MIHAELA S M A R T FINDA S M A R T 6.2 Group SMART goals S M A R T 6.3 End Product goal S Produce an answer to our research question, which is clinically relevant in physiotherapy practice M By following the standard scientific format: Abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion and conclusion A With good guidance from coach and using our knowledge on evidence based practice R A systematic review will be our end product T Until the end of project, mid Dec 2014 7. Process 7.1. Pitfalls and safety net planning 7.2. Quality control 7.3 Rules and regulations for work 7.3.1 Task division 7.3.2 Coach contribution 8. Planning and timetable The following are the external deadlines for the products Product External deadline Contract Project plan deadline 20.10.2014 Project plan retake deadline 27.10.2014 Title and brief description presentation 20.11.2014 Green light presentation coach 24.11.2014 Deadline all products (1st chance) 12.12.2014 Deadline all products (2nd chance) 07.01.2015 Deadlines and Official PAP coordinator coach meetings (proposals) Week Day Date Time Description Remarks 37 TH 12.09 11:30- 13:00 Group members meet to discuss topic after PAP coordinator assigns the team members 37 FR 13.09 project description sent to PAP coordinator 38 MON 15.09 14:30- 15:15 Group had first meeting with PAP coordinator to discuss the topic, client, backup topic Search for coach continues until Wed 38 WED 17.09 18:00 Topic/ Coach to be confirmed by PAP coordinator/ Green Light 38 TH 18.09 16:00 Turn in PAP enrollment form 38 FRI 19.09 10:00 Kick off project plan 38 MON/TUE 22.09- 23.09 Meeting PAP coordinator to finalize topic details Coach assigned on 25th Sept 2014 39 TUE 30.09 11:00 Meeting with coach 39 WED, TH Research for new topic 40 TUE 07.10 12:30 Meeting with coach Discuss new topic and suggestions 41 MON 13.10 12:30 Project plan first draft 41 ? Project plan feedback meeting 41 TH- MON Integrate feedback 42 MON 20.10 18:00 Deadline project plan 42 MON-TH 20- 23.10 Searching engines and screening of articles for review 42 TH- SUN 23- 26.10 Screening of articles for review 43 MON 27.10 18:00 Deadline Retake project plan 43 TUE- SUN 28.10 -02.11 Grade articles for review 44 TH-TH 03.11- 09.11 Writing Introduction and methods sections for review 45 MON 10.11 12:00 Deadline INTRO and METHODS 45 FRI 14.11 12:00 Feedback coach intro and methods 45-46 MON- WED 10.11- 19.11 18:00 Integrate feedback, writing results and discussion sections 46 TH 20.11 18:00 Deadline RESULTS and DISCUSSION 46 TH 20.11 18.00 Title and brief description presentation deadline 47 MON 24.11 17:00 Feedback coach 47 MON 24.11 17:00 Greenlight presentation coach 48 MON 01.12 18:00 Deadline ABSTRACT and CONCLUSION and submit first draft of the review to coach 48 FRI 05.12 17:00 Extended feedback on draft 49 WED 10.12 18:00 Submit final version of the review for feedback 49 FRI 12.12 18:00 DEADLINE process report and individual report 50 FRI 12.12 18:00 DEADLINE PAP2: systematic review, leaflet, individual and group reports 51. MON- TH 15.12- 18.12 preparation presentation 52 winter BREAK 1. winter BREAK 2 WED 07.01.2015 DEADLINE retake PAP 2 2 MON- FRI 05.01- 11.01 preparation presentation ? PRESENTATION Official client meetings Week Day Date Time Description 38 TUE 16.09 12:00 Kick off meeting Evaluation Project Plan sign contract Midterm evaluation project Demonstration of end product End evaluation [1]to be determined which period we use

Importance of Reputation in Othello

Importance of Reputation in Othello Reputation is very important when one needs to know whom to trust and what judgments can be made about a reason. The reputation of three characters in the play Othello by Shakespeare plays important role in determining the eventual results of the play. The end results of the play would have been different if Iago had not been known as a honest person or Othello not being a noble military man and also if Cassios reputation had not been tarnished. Iago himself states that, reputation is an idle and most false imposition, often got without merit and lost without deserving (Havoc, par.7). Reputation would bring about good judgment, both in the decisions made and those others makes about a given character. A hero is someone who confronts issues beyond the social rules, who in their physical journey encounters fundamental conditions of life and understands The Epic of Gilgamesh covers every aspect of great epic literature, that is fantastic geographies and exotic characters; tiresome quests and hard journeys; victorious battles with monsters, supernatural beings and natural forces. Literatures have been used throughout history of civilization to express a variety of cultural issues. The episode of Mesopotamian Noah, as is evident with, the character Utnapishtim, who was advised to build a great boat and fill it with animals and his family to escape flooding, has been related to biblical Noah and therefore the Epic of Gilgamesh has received biblical critics (eNotes.com, par.1). The social structure and values of society can be seen throughout the actions of Gilgamesh and his people. This epic brings forth the perception of the ancient Sumerian and Babylonian cultures. Gilgamesh is shown to be struggling against the gods, natural forces and his own mortality and this reflects his ones efforts to find rest in society and universe. Importance of Reputation Gilgamesh was a strong powerful leader who was more of God and stronger than any other king alive. He treated his subjects harshly and unkindly. This made people to ask the god of Uruk to create an opposing ruler who has equal strengths to Gilgamesh so that they might even be left to rest in peace. Enkidu was then created and he had scaring features that destroyed his reputation and he was referred to as wild man, this made Gilgamesh to tame him and even put off his marriage with the goddess of love. Gilgamesh was concerned about his reputation after fighting with Enkidu, they became friends and travel together for fights, he aimed at establishing eternal reputation saying he wants to leave behind a name that endures(pg.71). Gilgamesh would get ready for the journey by offering sacrices to Shamash so that he may get loyal friends, obtain weapons and he also sought intervention from her mother who had then adopted Enkidu. In the epic of Gilgamesh, the gods possessed great powers that showed social values that were adored in the society. Gilgamesh was characterized by military nature and strong social standing for the people he represented and these revealed qualities of a good warrior that is valued within society. In the beginning of the story, Gilgamesh was a bad king, but later he became determined, considering his internal feelings and questioned his eternal mortality. It was the power of gods in the society, but not the population, that redirected his actions so that he may not harm the people. Gilgamesh being a brave warrior, his people had confidence in him and they would fight fearlessly and would emerged victors with everyone they fight with. They fought with a mighty beast Humbaba and defeated him; this shows that even such a mighty enemy was still no match for Gilgameshs extreme skill. It is said that, Gilgameshs tribe is unconquerable, and aroused by small insults, (par. 2). In this regard Gilgameshs virtues as a awesome leader is revealed. He proved his skill of a warrior and leadership ability beyond imagination when he rws the boat across the sea faster than a boat man. For one to be a good leader, one has to prove their powerfulness and ability to defend their people always. Gilgamesh revealed this throughout the entire epic. His intelligence is shown when he sought advise and counseling from his mother who is wise AND worries not (Tramp, par4). His reputation as a leader who sought no fame but fought for whole his kingdom is a true characteristic of a selfless leader. Reputation plays an important role in the play Othello that was written by Shakespeare. It is evident that Iago wouldnt have been able to do what he did without such a good reputation of honesty. In fact Othello praises him and because of Iagos reputation Othello takes caution when he is talking. In the play Iago deceives Othello and all people through his reputation. In the other hand, Othello engages his reputation in every scene of the play, also the varying of Cassios reputation plays an important role in the play. Othello revealed no nonsense military general characters that eventually lead to death of Desdemona. When he heard from Iago that Cassio and Desdemona were cheating on him, he became extremely upset and anxious that he couldnt think clearly and wanted to kill her. He said that I will chop her into messes! Cuckold me? (123 helpme.com, par.3). Othello couldnt believe that Desdemona could deceive him and cheated on him. Because of his reputation, he was unable to throw wo rds on her in that situation. He kept anger in his heart since he knew that his reputation is going to be tarnished when it comes out that his wife was unfaithful to him. Reputation meant a lot to him and this is shown when he said that for naught I did in hate, but all in honor (123helpe.com, par3). His reputation was his treasure in relation to his position as a general and respect that he had from ranked below and above him. At the end of the play Othello died while trying to keep his reputation. In the play, lagos reputation is exact opposite of his true nature. His reputation was being an honest man. He made all people to believe that he was honest as it is written of him as O, thats an honest fellowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, you advice me wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ goodnight honest lago (123helpme.com, par.2). This made Othello to declare his loyalty and friendship to him. He would completely make everybody to strongly believe that he had very good personal qualities and honest person. Therefore, he often uses these qualities to gain favors saying that devils would show good characters first before their inner characters are revealed. Through all these, Lago was able to deceive Othello and made him believe that Desdemona was really unfaithful to him. Desdemonas innocent and pure reputation is destroyed by Iago when he had Othello to begin doubting her. His reputation protected him from being confronted by Othello throughout the scene. No one could doubt Iago, even if it ever came out that he was setting up to destroy Othello, Desmona and Cassino. He always controlled Othellos mind using his reputation to accomplish whatever he intends to do. Because of his honest reputation, he was able to damage Cassios reputation and eventual death of Desdemona and Othello. Throughout the scene, Cassio changes his reputation often and these took a major part in the play. He is shown as an honest, loyal and just soldier but his reputation comes to a halt when he gets drunk. Cassio depended on reputation in order to accomplish his missions, but when he was lowered from his position, his behavior changed and he was afraid of Othello. He said that I have lost the immortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial(123helpme.com, par.4). His reputation was spoiled after being demoted and Othello was not impressed and could not hold him as a friend anymore. Because of his drunkenness, Iago was able to convince Othello that he had affairs with Desdemona and were cheating on him. Othello told Casino that I will make thee an example, (123helpme.com, par.4) and these openly revealed to him that he no longer earns trust from Othello, his friend. As he tried to resolve his differences with Othello, Iogo would come in and disrupts everything. Iago made spoilt reput ation of Cassio has his stepping stone in accomplishing all his plans. Oedipus being the main character is said to have met a tragic fate Oedipus is portrayed as a rash, unreasonable and overly confident king, who is always trying to keep up with his unavoidable fate. In the beginning of the play he is described as a great king and a ruler of the people of Thebes. When the people of Thebes came to him with a problem, he would solve it being a determined king. When the city went through problems he was eager to solve it in order to gain reputation and become a hero, he always looked for such opportunities. The people appreciated his greatness as a king and would always turn to him to find a solution to their problems. Oedipus from the beginning is considered as a great celebrity and a national leader of a state during the time of crisis. Thebes was attacked by plagues and they believed it was a manifestation of the fatal forces of the universe they lived. Because of his wisdom in dealing with adventurous things, people loved, acknowledged and respected h im. They told him that we judge you as the first of men in what happens in this life and in our interactions with the gods (Johnston, par. 20). He was a person who had self assurance and confidence and ready to face any crisis taking it has his own unique challenge. He solved the riddle of the sphinx, he revealed his intelligence. His downfall is as a result of incidents beyond his control, and is rather the result of fate. Answers to Shakespeares Othello Othello begins to doubt Desdemona when she asked Cassio to stay and see the way she would approach Othello, but he went away being ashamed of what he did the previous day. Iago who was with Othello said, Ha! I like not that! and this made Othello have second thoughts about rejecting Cassio and because of his reputations he couldnt be suspicious about his wife and her friend Cassio. Iago builds more doubts when he tells him that the two had been alone together before. When Desdemona leaves with Emilia, Iago preceded convincing Othello of her unfaithfulness. Iago makes Othello to develop jealousness and is not a jealous man by nature. Iago continued to convince Othello that his wife had deceived her father in marrying the Moor. Emilia collaborated with Iago, in collecting the handkerchief that was dropped by Desdemona when she was with Othello but they came convincing Othello that she was using it to wipe Cassios beards. When Othello asked him to produce more evidence, he said that he overheard Cassio mentioning Desdemonas name in a dream and with this he couldnt produce any evidence. Othello lost his sense of humanity as he insulted Desdemona and issued barbaric threats to Cassio. At these scenes it was the lowest point of Othello and on the other hand, it was highest point to Iago who seemed secure in his complete triumph. Difference between Othello Play and the Movie The play is an interpretation of the movie in many ways. It uses the text to develop the story and modernizes characters to appeal to the audience. The audience sees Odin as a basketball player and not a warrior as portrayed in the movie. Racial perception is brought up in a play as there is how uncivilized people are in Africa when Othello describes Africans as being cannibals that eats each other. The theme of jealousy, racial bias and deceitfulness is revealed in both the play and movie. In the play, Rodrigos character is overdramatic, simple minded and dearly loves Desdemona. Though Rodrigos affection seemed adolescent and included jealousy, the movie cannot bring it out. The choice of setting differs in the play and the movie. In the movie the choice of setting in regard to time and geographic location is of a modern era school and surrounding environment portraying modern time. This setting showed the politics involved in high school basketball play. The relationship of womens characters is similar, but the difference comes in the time and setting. The movie uses the difference in the play to emphasize its originality. Conclusion Reputation is important in our society today has it helps everyone in making judgments about others. The hero is more is more likely to be someone who confronts fate in a very personal manner and whose reaction to that encounter serves to illuminate for us our own particular condition. Gilgamesh was a strong and brave thus being qualified as an ideal warrior. He possessed many heroic qualities as powerful, impulsive, sexually aggressive, wanting to conquer the wilderness and protect his people. Othellos reputation played a big role in the outcome of the play and in part caused Desdemonas death and his own. Cassio was a loyal person to be a friend and he always followed orders he was given. Oedipus took every challenge with himself and he had a powerful sense of excellence and self worth. Since he had a high regard for himself, after saving the city when many others could not, people came to him because of his qualities.

The Game Epidemic :: essays research papers

Andrew, Chuck, and Kevin played all night and skipped class the next day. They, along with thousands of others across the country, purchased Halo 2 at midnight the day the much-anticipated game was released in stores. Students and company employees called in sick that next day claiming the Halo 2 flu as their reasoning. Halo 2 is only one of a multitude of games distributed for use on Microsoft’s Xbox, Sony’s Playstation 2, and Nintendo’s Gamecube. American society is experiencing an epidemic as a result of many young people spending hours upon hours playing video games. The National Institute on Media and the Family is one organization founded â€Å"to build healthy families and communities through the wise use of media.† This institute wants to raise awareness of the harmful effects of playing too much. These effects include violence, lack of independent thought, and a false sense of reality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Founded in 1996 by David Walsh, Ph D, NIMF works to maximize the benefits and minimize the harms of the media. The organization does this through research, education, and advocacy, even though they are a non-partisan, non-profit organization. Its website provides information for parents to use when selecting games for their children and raises awareness about the effects that come with video games. One of these deals with the environment of the games. According to NIMF, â€Å"Game environments are often based on plots of violence, aggression, and gender bias.† Additionally, women are often portrayed as helpless or sexually provocative. The number of hours played under these false settings can often give a false sense of reality. Gamers then have trouble distinguishing between what is real and what is not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Negative effects exist as a result of the environment and storyline of a video game. According to a study referenced on the NIMF web site, violent video games may translate into aggressive behavior. The child’s imagination is capture, and oftentimes he imagines that he is the character he plays on the game, which is another mesh of fantasy and reality. Questions have also been brought up in regard to children at a very young age being exposed to violent video games. It is true that violent behavior is also linked to abusive parents and siblings. However, video games are set apart from this influence because they are easier to regulate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another cause for concern comes from the storyline many video games create.

ARCO arena :: essays research papers

Even though the friendly confines of ARCO Arena hasn't equated into NBA championships (yet) for the Sacramento Kings, ARCO stands as one of the toughest - if not the toughest - places to play in the entire league. The Kings sported a 36-5 home mark in 2003, the best home record in the NBA. All five losses came at the hands of eventual playoff teams, including two of them against the eventual NBA champion San Antonio Spurs. The Kings record in ARCO over the last three seasons is an amazing 104-19, another NBA best. The Pistons are 75-48 over that same span at the Palace at Auburn Hills, a full 29 games worse. ARCO Arena was built on 105 acres of undeveloped land just outside the Sacramento city limits. The arena cost 40 million dollars to build, and none of the cost came by way of taxpayer money. ARCO was built primalrily for basketball, so all 17, 317 seats have great sight lines for watching a game. The outside of the building is in no way what someone would call attractive. Basically, it is a tan square in the middle of nowhere. However, it dosen't seem that the repulsive outside looks of ARCO affect Kings fans from coming to the games. Every Kings' game has sold out since ARCO was opened in 1988. What really makes ARCO the best venue in the NBA is the Sacramento fans. The combination of the stadium seating having a "right on top of the court" feel along with ARCO dubbed as the loudest stadium in the NBA causes havoc for visiting teams. Just ask the Lakers. As fans enter ARCO, they see many television screens showing the Kings' in-house pre-game show. The Kings are one of very few teams with that perk. The convenience dosen't end when the game is over, either. ARCO has over 12,000 spaces in close proximity to the arena, and the waiting time to leave the lot is always kept to a minimum. The Palace at Auburn Hills seats 4,000 more fans than ARCO, yet has two-thirds the parking. Combine that with two different interstates that weave around the Palace, and you have a parking nightmare. Another thing that makes ARCO a better arena is having better comfort in the fact that you won't be attacked by a hobo on the way to the car. Criminals in Detroit and Los Angeles probably make six figures annually by ruthlessley mugging some 12-year-old of his only 14 dollars that he made by opening a lemonade stand.

A Semiparametric Analysis of the Relationship of Body Mass Index to Mortality Essay

Gronniger, J. T. (2006). A Semiparametric Analysis of the Relationship of Body Mass Index to Mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 96(1), 173–178 This article review is on the above cited work. The purpose of Gronniger’s work was to check the adequacy of conventional Body Mass Index (BMI) categories for planning public health programs to reduce mortality. Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of an adult’s weight in relation to height, and it is calculated metrically as weight divided by height squared (kg/m2)† (Foster). This work is timely and important because of the wide publicity given to the contribution of surplus body weight to mortality and morbidity, with numerous accounts showing that obesity causes hundreds of thousands of excess deaths and billions of dollars in excess medical spending each year. Obesity has been put on par with smoking as a growing health threat and has become the focal point of many policy initiatives. The studies cited by Gronniger on the subject showed that individuals with BMIs of 20 to 25 kg/m2 were regarded as the reference population and compared their health outcomes with those among overweight (BMIs of 25 to 30 kg/m2) and obese (BMIs of 30 kg/m2 and above) individuals. While Gronniger agrees that obesity is associated with clear increases in risk of mortality, and that overweight is a risk factor for obesity and thus should best be avoided, he states that â€Å"relying on broad categories such as overweight and obesity could provide misleading estimates of BMI’s association with mortality if that association is heterogeneous or not monotonic within categories†. He further stated that the definition of these categories â€Å"grew out of a consensus among various health bodies (including the World Health Organization, the National Institutes of Health, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) that health risks increase with increasing body weight above a BMI of 25 and become serious near a BMI of 30†. This he showed in his study. Summary For the study, the author used the 1987 Cancer Control and 1989 Diabetes supplements of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) to obtain baseline personal and biometric information on the survey respondents which were linked to the NHIS Multiple Cause of Death File, where mortality follow-up information was obtained. Information from this source was available for a total of 33,558 individuals, of whom 1,109 were dead or presumed dead. He then constructed nonlinear estimates of the association between BMI and mortality using a semiparametric regression technique. The results showed that the mortality risk among â€Å"normal† weight men (i. . , those in the BMI range of 20 to 25 kg/m2) was as high as that among men in the mild obesity category (BMIs of 30–35 kg/m2), with a minimum risk observed at a BMI of approximately 26 kg/m2. Among women, the mortality risk was smallest at approximately 23 to 24 kg/m2, with the risk increasing steadily with BMIs above 27 kg/m2. The results also suggested negligible risk differences with minor differences in weight for much of the population. This is contrary to predictions of high mortality risks among overweight individuals as the â€Å"optimum† BMI appeared to be 26 to 27 overall, 23 to 24 for women, and 26 to 27 for men. Interestingly, mortality did not increase sharply with BMI until the range of about 27 or above (33–35 for men), which is well into the range of overweight and obesity. The semiparametric mortality estimates also showed that in US adults the mortality among clinically underweight individuals is quite high, although estimates near the tails of the BMI distribution are imprecise as a result of small local sample sizes. Critique The semiparametric approach used here provides a clearer picture of individual mortality risks because restrictive categories were eliminated and the data were allowed to shape the functional form. Therefore the present results can better be used to consider broad trends over at least several BMI units and to contrast such trends with findings derived from categorical studies. Also the author in his work used information from a valid source from which a complete smoking data was not available. The respondents were only group as â€Å"current† or â€Å"not current† smokers. This would affect the result considering the effect of smoking habits on mortality. Another limitation in this study was the arbitrary character of the intercept estimates derived using the semiparametric approach which would result in complication in interpretation. This however does not cause bias in the results. The present study was also unable to solve the heterogeneity problem, as the BMI can be tied to manifold variables that influence mortality. Many of these omitted risk factors might be correlated with BMI, leading to misestimation and gross error in the calculation of the risk of increasing BMI itself. Therefore one can not actually identify the mortality-minimizing or â€Å"optimal† BMI from this study. Furthermore, this study involves single-point-in-time measures of BMI. Therefore there is no guarantee that losing weight will bring the mortality of a severely obese person’s to the optimal level. Therefore the optimal BMI is only based on the current weight. Finally because of the absence of standard errors, the semiparametric estimates presented here cannot be used in hypothesis testing. Thus the expected mortality at a BMI of 29. 99 cannot be statistically compared with the expected mortality at a BMI of 30. 01. Recommendations To give a more comprehensive result, the actual smoking habits of the sample group must be obtained and considered in the study because of its effect on mortality. Also there is little information about the underweight group in the study. Therefore a more thorough consideration of this group would be appropriate. Conclusion Notwithstanding the limitations in the study, it is a valid research as the results raise questions about whether overweight and mildly obese individuals are classified correctly under current health guidelines. Health professionals are therefore to consider the large number of people involved in the modest mortality differences between BMI units in drafting health guidelines and planning public health programs.

Creative nonfiction †Werner Essay

?Jo Ann Beard is primarily acknowledged as a writer of creative nonfiction. What is creative nonfiction you ask? Creative nonfiction is the writing of real events using the same techniques used to create fiction; however, the writing does not contain facts from the incident. One of the many creative nonfictions written by Beard is â€Å"Werner. † Werner Hoeflich heads home to his apartment in New York City after spending the evening at his catering job. Between the hours of four and five A. M. , Werner catches sounds of squeals and he wakes up to discover a tremendous amount of smoke floating in his apartment. Werner jumps out the window into the next door building; he astoundingly survives the devastating fire. Beard very effectively illustrates the process going through Werner’s head in the heat of the situation. Her words clearly describe how Werner jumped back and forth from his mind flashes, giving the reader a marvelous amount of information about Werner’s history. ?Beard is trying to reach out to readers who enjoy reality molded into nonfiction. She is reaching out to readers who enjoy creating scenes in their minds while interpreting the text. The information Beard is trying to convey is pretty straight forward. She is trying to convey how Werner, the main character, felt during the terrible incident. She wants to convey to the reader that every scene was conceivable even though it was now a work of creative nonfiction. Beard wanted to go to the extent where the readers would believe that they were there while the apartment building had been caught on fire. She wanted them to be present in the moment, be alive with the character of Werner. ?The success of the story starts right from the beginning. Jo Ann Beard grabs the readers in by using the ominous effect. For those who don’t know, the ominous effect is the feeling created by the author that something is either about to go wrong or has already gone wrong. By using this, the author is warning the readers that something intolerably erroneous is about to happen. Not only is this a sign for the reader, but it also creates hazard for the storyteller. The writer has to make sure the story is descriptive enough so the reader is able to tell that the events taking place are not something that will usually occur in that specific setting. Beard successfully succeeded using this effect because she is straight forward to her readers; she lets them know that night was not an ordinary night in New York City. This saves the readers from getting confused later on during the story. Beard describes the setting when Werner walked home after work: â€Å"But on that night it wasn’t like that; it was cold and fresh on the dark streets† (1). She also describes the setting surrounding his apartment: â€Å"The trees on his block were scrawny and impervious, like invalid aunts† (1). Comparing these two sentences to the description of New York City on a regular day is like comparing a cat to a dog. Beard description of New York of colored sunrises, banded cows, and Dairy Queens just didn’t connect with the idea of the mysterious streets or the spindly trees. The negative feeling generated from these two sentences from Beard’s story act as signals to be cautious of what’s ahead. Not does this only catch the reader’s attention, but it also creates curiosity. ? Even though the ominous effect alone can create an interest for the readers, Beard added foreshadowing. The ominous effect brought the story the reader’s attention and created curiosity. The readers were aware that what they were going to read ahead won’t be pleasant. The thought of what it would be kept them reading. By adding foreshadowing, Beard now also had the reader’s interest and formed suspicion. She described the act of the bird at the beginning of the story, â€Å"The bird had sharpened both sides of its beak on the branch and then made a veering, panicky flight to a windowsill far above† (1). After being freaked out by the fire, Werner’s actions were described by Beard, â€Å"He went in up to his knees, which landed on the stone sill, body all the way through onto somebody’s bed, right into their apartment†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (11). Foreshadowing can really play with the reader’s mind. The readers do not know when the foreshadowing will occur. Sometimes they don’t even know if it will occur or not. Beard also did a very well job of using the technique of foreshadowing. To use this technique, the author must plan ahead and must know exactly what the ending will be. The author must use enough information to create curiosity but not enough for the ending to be given away. In any story, providing clues to a perceptive reader is quite engaging. Once a reader knows foreshadowing is in use, they will be more careful reading and looking for important details. Another impact foreshadowing creates on the reader is the effort to make predictions. Since the readers do not know when to expect the foreshadowing, they will make predictions and get more involved with the story. ?The author efficiently demonstrated Werner’s thoughts through illustrating pictures through the  reader’s head along the way. She came up with ways to make her story engaging. The use of different literary devices helped attract the readers to the text and continue reading without being bored. Beard very successfully created a piece of creative nonfiction that not only told a story of an event, but also had her readers be present and alive. Since the readers could visualize every moment themselves, Beard most likely had left her readers believing it was them inside that apartment building and not Werner.